MIDTERM REVIEW

 

A single page with the entire midterm review on it, for your convenience.

Also, I apologize in advance for any mistakes my little program made while putting this all together for me :)

 

-Dave

 

---

 

 

 

Chapter 1 Terms:  AMSCO Book

1. Hernan Cotés-  Spanish conquistador who take control of Aztecs in Mexico; has not pity on Aztecs and kills many
2. Conquistadores-  Spanish explorers or conquerors:  -they exploit riches of nations conquerede and send to Spain; try to modernize conquered territories into highly organized empires
3. Encomienda System- The king of Spain would give grants of land and Native American of conquered empires to individual spaniards
4. Jacques Cartier- explored St. Lawrence river extensively(1534-1542); aquired French claims to american territory
5. Samuel de Champlain-established the 1st permanent French settlement on 1608  North America in Quebec; "Father of New France" strong leadership in establishing colony
6.  Father Jacques Marquette- 1673 explores the Missipi river
7. Joint Stock Company-  English method to support trading ventures that were very costly by using the savings of people of moderate means
8. John Smith- Leader of first English colony in North America, Jamestown
9. John Rolfe and Pocahontas- developed tobaco indutry in Jamestown by developing a new variety of tobacco
10. royal colony- a colony under control of king or queen
11. Puritans- people from Anglican church who wanted to purify church of England from it's catholic influence; many arrested or jailed
12. Separists- group of Puritans who refused to simply reform Anglican church, but wanted to organize a completely different church
13. Pilgrims- Separists who left England in search of religious freedom; first migrate to Holland.
14. Mayflower-  Ship in which a smalll group of Pilgrims set sail for Virginia in 1620.             A) Mayflower compact- document drawn up and signed by the pilgrims aboard the Mayflower in whic h   --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------they pledged to make decisions by the will of the majority
15. John Wintrop-  Led about 1000 puritans in 1630 into the Massachusets shore and founded Boston and several other towns
16. Virginia House of Burgesses- Ist representative assembly in America founded by the Virginia colonists in 1619 

 

Related to Spanish

Related to French

Related to English

 

CHAPTER ONE: Exploration, Discovery, & Settlement, 1492-1700

---

 

The first people in America migrated  from Asia across the Bering Strait 4000 years ago.  Later generations migrated south throughout North, Central, and South America.

 

I.     CULTURES OF NORTH AMERICA

        A. Native Americans life, 3 ways:

            1.  some tribes lived in semipermanent settlements with populations seldom over 300 (men make tools/hunt,

                 women grow corn, beans, tobacco)

            2.  some tribes were nomadic (Great Plains: Souix/Pawnee follow buffalo)

            3.  some tribes developed more complex cultures & societies (SW Pueblos; Mississippi River Woodland Native

                 Americans)

        B. The League of the Iroquois was a political confederation that withstood attacks from opposing NA tribes and Europeans during much of the 17th and

            18th centuries.

II.    CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICAN CULTURE

        A.  Larger NA population than North America

        B.  3 complex civilizations:  Mayas in the rain forest of the Yucatan Peninsula; Aztecs in  Central Mexico (Capital: Tenochtitlan); Incas in Peru.

III.   EUROPE MOVES TOWARDS EXPLORATION

        A.  Improved technology: gunpowder, sailing compass, improved shipbuilding & map making, printing press made it easier to spread knowledge.

        B.  Religious conflict

             1. Catholic victory in Spain: Ferdinand and Isabella defeat Moors of Granada and unite Spain

             2. Protestant Reformation: Germany, England, France, Holland and other northern European countries revolt against the pope's authority; leads to

                 Catholic/Protestant conflict & a series of religious wars

        C.  Economic motives: Expanding trade

        D.  Explorers search for easier ways to get to India and Asia for trading

             1.  Prince Henry the Navigator (Portugal) opened a sea route around South Africa's Cape of Good Hope

             2.  Vasco de Gama (Portugal) is the first European to get to India using this route

             3.  Christopher Columbus discovers the Americas

IV.    EARLY EXPLORATIONS

        A.  Columbus sets out to find a new route to Asia, but lands in the Bahamas and thinks he is in the Indies

        B.  Exchanges: Natives introduce the Europeans to beans, corn, sweet and white potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, and syphilus; Europeans bring sugar cane,

             bluegrasses, pigs, horses, wheels, iron implements, guns, and diseases such as smallpox.

        C.  Dividing the New World: In 1493 the Pope draws a vertical line, Spain gets west, Portugal gets east. Treaty of Tordesillas moves the line a few degrees west.

        D.  Spanish exploration and conquest:  Vasco Nunez de Balboa crosses the Isthmus of Panama; Magellen's ship circumnavigates the world;  Hernan Cortes conquers

             the Aztecs; Francisco Pizarro, the Incas.  Spaniards ship much gold and silver back to Spain.

        E.  English claims: John Cabot (Italian) explored the coast of Newfoundland for Henry VII; Sir Francis Drake attacks/pillages Spanish ships; Sir Walter Raleigh tried

             but failed to settle Roanoke Island.

        F.  French claims: French-sponsored Italian navigator Giovanni de Varrazano tried to find NW passage through Americas to Asia; In 1608, Samuel de Champlain

            established Quebec; Louis Jolliet and Father Jacques Marquette explore upper Mississippi River in 1673;  Robert de La Salle explores/names Louisiana.

        G.  Dutch Claims: Henry Hudson (English) was hired to seek the NW passage, sailed up Hudson River and claims the lands that becomes New Amsterdam

V.    EARLY ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS

       A.  The English were now able to settle in America because they had defeated the Spanish Armada.

       B.  The population was growing, but the economy was depressed, so many poor and landless were attracted by the idea of economic oppurtunites in America.

       C.  Jamestown, 1607: King James I chartered the joint-stock Virginia Company, which established the first permanent English colony.

            1. Problems: Indian attacks, famine, disease

            2. Tobacco Prosperity: John Rolfe & Pocahontas develop a new variety of tobacco which became very popular in Europe.

            3. The colony went bankrupt despite the tobacco, and the VA Company's charter was revoked.  Jamestown became a royal colony.

       D.  Puritan Colonies: Plymouth (Separatists, Pilgrims, led by Captain Miles Standish, Governor William Bradford); Massachusetts Bay Colony (not separatists, led by

            John Winthrop, founded Boston); Great Migration: civil war in the 1630s drove about 15000 more settlers to MBC.

VI.   EARLY POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

       A.  Majority rule in Plymouth

       B.  Representative Government at Jamestown and Massachusetts Bay Colony

       C.  Limited nature of colony democracy: only male property owners can vote

VII.  SPANISH SETTLEMENTS IN NORTH AMERICA

        A.  Florida: St. Augustine, 1565, now the oldest city in North America

        B.  New Mexico: Santa Fe: harsh efforts to Christianize Native Americans caused Pueblos to Revolt in 1680 and the Spanish were driven from the area until

             the 1700s

        C.  Texas: the SPanish formed a few small settlements after being driven from New Mexico

        D.  California: San Diego, 1769; San Francisco, 1776; by 1784, a series of Franciscan mission settlements were established (Father Junipero Serra )

VIII. EUROPEAN TREATMENT OF NATIVE AMERICANS

        A.  Native Americans were viewed as inferiors.  Their population and culture were destroyed through disease and warfare

        B.  Spanish Policy: Millions of Native Americans were killed by Spanish methods of warfare , efforts at enslavement, and European diseases.  The Spanish

             intermarried with the Natives and Africans, which led to a caste system dominated by the pure-blooded Spaniard.

        C.  English Policy: Initially, in Massachusetts, the English and Native Americans coexisted, traded, shared ideas.  The NA taught the settlers to grow new crops (corn,

             etc), showed them how to hunt in the forests, and traded furs for English manufactured goods.  The English did not respect the "savages" and the NA tribes

             became threatened by the settlers continually taking up land, so war broke out.

        D.  French Policy: The French maintained good relations with the NA tribes in the St. Lawrence Valley and Great Lake region.  They assisted the Huron in fighting the

             Iroquois.  The French had few colonists, farms or towns, so they posed little threat to the NA population.

---

 

 

Chapter 2: The Thirteen Colonies and the British Empire, 1607-1750:

 

I: Colonies

A: Corporate Colonies: i.e. Jamestown. Operated by joint-stock companies, at least during these colonies' early years.

B. Royal Colonies: i.e. Virginia after 1624. Under the direct authority and rule of the king's government.

C: Proprietary Colonies: i.e. Maryland and Pennsylvania. Under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king.  

- English colonists brought a tradition of independence and representative government.

II: The Chesapeake Colonies

A. Maryland:

1.proprietary colony

- Cecil Calvert, provided a haven for Catholics.

-Second lord Baltimore

2. Act of Toleration

-First colonial statute granting religious freedom to all Christians. (Calvert)

- Called for the death of anyone who denied the divinity of Christ.

3. Protestant Revolt

- resentment against a catholic proprietor.

- repealed act of toleration.

 

B: Virginia

1.Economic Problems

- low tobacco prices brought hard times.

2. Political problems and Bacon’s Rebellion:

-Sir William Berkeley (governor) adopted policies that favored large planters.

- Nathanial Bacon organized an army of volunteers to attack Indian villages against Berkeley’s political control.

- burned down Jamestown.

- bacon eventually died of dysentery and the army collapsed

3. Lasting problems

- Sharp class differences between wealthy planters and landless or poor farmers.

- Colonial resistance to royal control.

 

C. Labor Shortages

- Chesapeake colonies grew slowly.

-Unhealthy climates and high death rate due to disease and Indian attack.

- Imbalance between men and women.

1. Indentured Servants

- work for a specific period in return for room and board.

-under absolute rule of their masters until the end of their work period.

-when they gained their freedom, they either worked for wages or obtained land of their own to farm.

2. Headright System

- To attract immigrants Virginia offered 50 acres of land to

a. each immigrant who paid for his own passage and

b. any plantation owner who paid for an immigrant’s passage.

 3. Slavery

- first slaves arrived from Africa in 1619 aboard a ship of a dutch trader.

-at first, slaves had about the same life as indentured servants, but colonists became too poor to purchase labor so just sold slaves into permanent bondage.

 

III: Development of New England

1.      Rhode Island:

 -  Roger Williams in boston in 1631

- believed that the individual’s conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority.

- his teachings placed him in conflict with other Puritan leaders who ordered his banishment

- he then founded the settlement of Providence.

- recognized rights of native Americans

- recognized religious freedom

 

2.      Connecticut

 - Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)

- established a representative government consisting of a legislature elected by popular vote and a governor chosen by a legislature.

 

3.      New Hampshire

- last colony to be founded in New England

- King Charles II separated New Hampshire from the Bay Colony in 1679 and made it a royal colony to increase royal control.

 

 

IV. Restoration Colonies

1.      The Carolinas

- SC: based on trading furs and providing wood for the west indies.

- NC: few good harbors and poor transportation.

 

2.      Pennsylvania and Delaware:

- Quakers: believed in equality of all men and women, resistance to military service.

- William Penn: young convert to quaker. Pennsylvania named after.

- “ The Holy Experiment” provides a religious refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people.

3. Georgia

- Britain created a buffer to protect S.C. from invasion from Spanish florida.

- James Oglethorpe founded Georgia’s first settlement, ban of drinking rum and prohibition of slavery.

 

V. Mercantilism and the Empire

1. Acts of Trade and Navigation

- trade from the colonies only carried by English ships

- all goods imported to the colonies pass through English ports

- specified goods from the colonies only imported to England.

2. Impact of the Colonies

- positive: English shipbuilding prospered, Chesapeake tobacco had a monopoly in England, English military forces protected colonies from potential attacks.

-negative: manufacturing was severely limited, Chesapeake farmers received low prices, colonists had to pay high prices for manufactured goods

---

Chapter 3 Terms

 

Social mobility: opportunity to improve standard of living and social status by hard work.

Subsistence farming: self-sufficient farming where only enough food is provided to feed the family.

Established Church: churches that were financed by taxing the people to support one of the Protestant denominations.

Great Awakening: a religious movement, most dominant during the 1730s and 1740s, which was characterized by fervent expressions of religious feeling among masses of people.

John Edwards: first initiated the Great Awakening in his Congregational Church in Northampton, Massachusetts with a series of sermons which argued that God was angry with human sinfulness and if you expressed deep penitence you could be saved by God's grace.  He was also famous for writing widely read religious tracts.

Cotton Mather: a Massachusetts minister who wrote widely read religious tracts along with John Edwards.

Benjamin Franklin: most popular and successful American writer of the 18th century who wrote the best selling book Poor Richard's Almanack which contained his witty aphorisms and advice.  He was also responsible for pioneering work with electricity and the developments of bifocal eyeglasses.

Phillis Wheatley: poet who wrote about her triumph over slavery.

John Peter Zenger; libel case:  a New York editor and publisher who was brought on trial for a libel case (offending the political authorities in a newspaper article) for criticizing New York's royal governor.  Zenger was telling the truth, and even though he went against an English common law, saying that this was a criminal act, the jury voted to clear Zenger of all his charges.  This encouraged newspapers to take greater risks in criticizing a colony's government.

Town meetings: dominant form of local government in New England where people of the town would regularly meet to vote directly on public issues.

County government: dominant in southern colonies where the local government was carried on by a law-enforcing sheriff and other officials who served a large territorial unit called a county.

CHAPTER 3: COLONIAL SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

I. INCREASING POPULATION GROWTH

A) European Immigrants

·        English

·        Germans

·        Scotch-Irish

·        French Protestants (Huguenots)

·        Dutch

·        Swedes

B) Africans

         ·        Largest single group of non-English immigrants

         ·        Limits on rights and opportunities

II. THE STRUCTURE OF COLONIAL SOCIETY

A)    General Characteristics

·        Dominance of English Culture

·        Self-Government

·        Religious Toleration

·        No hereditary aristocracy

                                                                           i.      Narrower class system, based on economics

·        Social Mobility

                                                                           i.      Improve standard of living by hard work

B)     The Family

·        People were marrying at a younger age

·        More children

·        Men

                                                                           i.      Landowning

·        Women

                                                                         ii.      Household work

C)    The Economy

·        New England

                                                                           i.      Rocky soil

                                                                         ii.      Long winters

                                                                        iii.      Logging, shipbuilding, fishing, trading, rum-distilling

·        Middle Colonies

 i.   Rich Soil

ii.   Wheat and Corn

·        Southern Colonies

 i. Cash crops: Rice and Indigo

ii. Increased use of slaves

·        Transported good by water

D)    Religion

·        Protestant (Dominant)

·        Anglicans

·        Congregationalists

·        THE GREAT AWAKENING

                                                                           i.      Religious feeling among masses of people

                                                                         ii.      Rev. Johnathan Edwards

                                                                        iii.      Preacher George Whitefield

                                                                       iv.      Emotionalism becames a common part of Protestant services

E)     Cultural Life

·        Architecture

                                                                           i.      Georgian style

·        Painting

·        Literature

 i.    Thomas Paine, John Dickinson, Tom Jefferson

ii.    Benjamin Franklin – Poor Richard’s Almanack

·        Science

 i.     Self-taught

·        Education

                                                                         i.            New England: learning the Bible

                                                                      ii.            Middle Colonies: church-sponsored or private schools

                                                                   iii.            Southern Colonies: tutors

                                                                    iv.            HARVARD: first colonial college

F)     Professions

·        Physicians

                                                                           i.      No formal medical training

·        Lawyers

                                                                         ii.      John Adams, James Otis, Patrick Henry

G)    The Press

·        Newspapers – five existed, first cartoon – Ben Franklin

·        The Zenger Case

                                                                           i.      Peter Zenger brought on trail for criticizing New York’s royal governor, the jury voted to acquit Zenger.

H)    Rural Folkways

·        Spring planting, summer growing, fall harvesting, winter preparing

I)       Politics

·        Royal colonies - governors appointed by the king

·        Proprietary colonies – governors appointed by the proprietor

·        Two houses: lower house (colonists) and upper house (appointed by king or proprietor

·        Local Government: Town meetings

J)       Voting

·        Barred from voting:

                                                                           i.      White women

                                                                         ii.      Poor white men

                                                                        iii.    Slaves of both sexes

                                                                       iv.      Free blacks

     ·        Membership to the House of Burgesses in VA was tightly restricted

 

---

1. Port Act closed Boston’s port until destroyed tea was paid for
2. Massachusetts Government Act reduced power of Mass legislature
3. Administration of Justice Act let royal officials to be tried in Eng. not colonies
4. Quartering Act was expanded to all colonies

 

Chapter 4: Imperial Wars and Colonial Protest, 1754-1774

 

I. Empires at War

        A) The First Three Wars

·  King William's War (1689-1697) and Queen Anne's War (1702-1713) were both English expeditions to capture Quebec--both failed.

· King George's War (1744-1748) was a double attack by both France and Spain against England in their colonies.

o        In Georgia, James Oglethorpe held back the Spanish.

o        In New England, the New Englanders held back the French.

      B) The French and Indian War

· As compared to the first three wars, this one began with fighting in the colonies then fighting spread to Europe; instead of the opposite.

· The main reason for the war was the French Forts along the Ohio River Valley.

o       According to the British this meant that the French were enclosing in on British colonies.

o       According to the French they did it to halt British expansion so that they wouldn’t expand into French territory.

· At first the war went badly for the British with losses from George Washington’s small Virginia militia and the halting of British invasion into French Canada (1756-1757).

· In 1754, in Albany, New York, representatives from seven colonies adopted—the Albany Plan of Union—which was a system for intercolonial government. Due to jealousy among colonies, the Plan never went into action.

·        France eventually lost, and Great Britain gained complete control of the continent.

      C) Reorganization of the British Empire

·        After the French and Indian War, Great Britain was in desperate need of money to pay off the debts.

·        Pontiac’s Rebellion was a Native American “rebellion” where they rebelled against the colonists taking their lands. Instead of letting the colonists deal with it, the British sent “their” army.

·        After the French and Indian War, the colonists wanted to settle in the lands left of the Appalachians but were not allowed by the British (Proclamation of 1763).

II. British Actions and Colonial Reactions

A)   New Revenues and Regulations

·        Sugar Act (1764). Taxed sugar and certain luxuries to raise money for the crown.

·        Quartering Act (1765). Required colonists to provide food and quarters for British soldiers.

·        Stamp Act (1765). Taxed all papers including legal documents, newspapers, etc. It was a direct tax on the colonies.

·        The Stamp Act received a lot of protest. Boycotts were the most effective form of protest, but all sorts of protest were present including some violent. In 1766, the Stamp Act was repealed.

·        Declaratory Act (1766). As the British repealed the Stamp Act, the set in the Declaratory Act which said that they had the right to tax the colonies, whenever they felt like it.

B)   Second Phase of the Crisis, 1767-1773

·        Townshend Acts (1767). Britain taxed the colonists on tea, glass, and paper, and further pushed the Quarter Act.

·        At first there was not much protest to the Townshend Acts, but as time went on more and more protest amounted. It got to a point where the trade declined so much due to protest, that the Townshend Acts were forced to be repealed.

·        In 1770, as some protesters protested British soldiers in cities, the soldiers fired back into the crowd, killing five people. This became known was Boston Massacre.

C)   Renewal of the Conflict

·        From 1770-1772, there was relative peace, although many aspiring patriots still lingered.

·        In 1772, after a British ship caught smugglers (Gaspee), colonists burned down the ship.

·        Tea Act (1773). The Tea Act actually made the tea a lot cheaper, but the colonist refused to buy British Tea because if they did they would accept British permission to tax the colonists.

·        In December 1773, colonists raided a British Tea Ship and dumped out all the tea (Boston Tea Party).

D)   Intolerable Acts

·        In response to the Boston Tea Party, the British passed the Intolerable Acts

o       The Coercive Acts (1774). These Acts were specifically made to punish the Bostonians. They even tried to shut Boston’s economy down.

o       Quebec Act (1774). This act gave all the Canadian lands, that formerly belonged to the French and now were up for grabs, to the Canadians and not the colonists.

·        The Americans saw this as a direct attack on their rights and abilities to claim land.

III. Philosophical Foundations of the American Revolution

·        The Enlightenment was a movement created by certain Europeans that spread towards some educated Americans.

o       It was based on human reasoning to solving most of humanity’s problems.

o       One of the greatest philosophers in the Enlightenment was John Locke, who talked about natural rights of humans and a social contract between the government and its people. People had the right to revolt if the government stopped the natural rights of humans.

o       Locke along with other Enlightenment philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, helped persuade the Independence movement that was soon to come.

 

 

 

 Click "Edit Page" to edit this page!

---

 

Ch 5 Terms

First Continental Congress:

•    Convention in Philadelphia September 1774; delegates from colonies

•    Determine if and how colonies should react to British Acts

•    At this time didn’t desire independence but wanted to restore relationship and protest Acts of Parliament that threatened their liberties and rights

•   

Lexington & Concord:

•    April 18, 1775- British General Gage sent troops to Concord to siege supplies

•    Riders Paul Revere & William Dawes (of Lexington) warned people of Concord

•    Americans forced to retreat in first battle of the Revolutionary War

 

Second Continental Congress:

•    Philadelphia, May 1775

•    Delegates of New England wanted independence while middle colonies wanted to negotiate with Britain

•    Adopted Declaration of Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms calling for troops from colonies

•    Named George Washington commander of troops

•    Organized navy and marine corps to attack British shipping

•    At first sought peace with Olive Branch Petition to King- was rejected

•    Declaration of Independence in 1776

 

Battle of Yorktown:

•    Last major battle of war

•    In Virginia on Chesapeake Bay

•    With support from French, forced surrender of British General Cornwallis

Treaty of Paris:

•    1783; Parliament called for peace- under pressure from British people

•    Accepted US as independent nation

•    Mississippi River = Western boundary of nation; Americans pay debt to British merchants and honor Loyalist claims to confiscated property

 

Northwest Ordinance of 1787:

•    Laws for creating new states in territory between Great Lakes and Ohio River

•    Limited self-government and slavery prohibited

 

Shay’s Rebellion:

•    Massachusetts, summer 1786- Captain Shay led fellow farmers in rebellion against high state taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of proper money

•    Broken by state militia

 

Role of Women:

•    Depended on women’s help- Mary McCauley (Molly Pitcher) took husband’s place at Battle of Monmouth in war

•    Abigail Adams asked husband John to “remember the ladies” in constitution

 

 

Amsco ch 5

 

The American Revolution And Confederation, 1774-1787

I. The first continental Congress

A)drove all delegates to Philadelphia in September 1774

B)purpose was to determine how the colonies should react to what, from their viewpoint, seemed to pose an alarming threat to their rights and liberties. Americans wanted to restore peace with the crown that had existed before French and Indian War. Delegates were a diverse group, whose views about the crisis ranged from radical to conservative.

- Actions of congress was the Albany Plan of 1754 that would have reordered relations w/ parliament and formed a union of colonies within the British empire .

II Fighting begins

A)colonial defiance and british determination to suppress it led to violent clashes in Mass. This was the first battle of the American Revolution.

- General Thomas Gage (Brit) in boston sent large forces to seize colonial military supplies in the town of concord. Americans were forced to retreat. Americans then fought back and the brit. Suffered humiliation by defeat.

B) Bucker hill battle was fought between opposing armies on the outskirts of Boston . Brit. Forces claimed the hill after attacking colonists. Military actions were led by George Washington in Mass. And volunteer units from other colonists. Peace efforts were made which included the Olive Branch Petition.

- Thomas Pain ( Common sense): the Declaration of Independence( June 7, 1776)- Richard H. Lee founded it as a resolution for independence.

Patriots- from new England and VA. Led by Washington. African Americans were granted freedom if they joined either side. Tories were from the brit. side and were also called loyalists. Many Native Americans went to the Brit. side b/ Americans were attacking them.

- Last major battle fought near Yorktown: peace treaty of Paris was signed. State of Gov. organized separation of powers, voting extended to white males who owned property, office holding. The Articles of Confederation: 1776, Dickinson drafted first constitution. The articles established ratification, structure of gov. and powers. Problems w/ confed. Were financial, Domestic, and foreign.

Status Changes- No legislature could grant titles of nobility and the first born could not immediately inherit his parents’ property. Separation of church and state refused to give any financial support to any religious group. Woman remained in second-class status despite their major contributions to the war. Slavery in most northern states ended slavery because of the idea that all men are created equal. Southern states on the other hand thought they needed slaves for their economy

 

 

---

 

Ch 6: The Constitution and the New Republic, 1787-1800

 

Annapolis Convention- Delegates discussed ways to improve commercial relations among the states. James Madison and Alexander Hamilton persuaded others for another convention in Philadelphia.

Constitutional Convention- delegates met for the sole purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation.

James Madison- Father of the Constitution, directed the Constitutional Convention.

Alexander Hamilton- High Political leader who saved the convention from complete failure by calling for the Constitutional Convention.

Checks and balances- when one power of the government has sufficient power to check the others.

Virginia Plan- called for a two-house Congress with each state's representation based on state population.

New Jersey Plan- called for a one-house Congress in which each state had equal representation.

Connecticut Plan; Great Compromise- called for a two-house Congress in which both types of representation would be applied

Three-Fifths Compromise; slave trade- black slaves were counted as three-fifths of a person when they were counting the population.

Electoral college system- the total number of electors from each state became equal to that of the state’s representatives and senators, to elect a president.

Federalists- political party consisting of the more respectable citizens of the time; Federalists lived along the eastern seaboard in the 1790's; believed in advocating a strong federal government and fought for the adoption of the United States Constitution in 1787-1788.

Anti-Federalists- People against federalists in 1787; disagreed with the Constitution because they believed people's rights were being taken away without a Bill of Rights; also did not agree with annual elections and the non-existence of God in the government.

Bill of Rights; amendments- The first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guarantee basic individual rights.

infant industries- new and developing imdustries

tariffs; excise taxes- set by congress, to raise revenue to pay the government’s debts.

Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)- issued by George Washington, proclaimed government's official neutrality in widening European conflicts also warned American citizens about intervening on either side of conflict.

Jay Treaty (1794)- got Britain to say they would evacuate the chain of posts on U.S. soil and pay damages for recent seizures of American ships. The British, however, would not promise to leave American ships alone in the future, and they decided that the Americans still owed British merchants for pre-Revolutionary war debts.

Pinckney Treaty (1795)- Gave America free navigation of the Mississippi, large area of north Florida.

Right of deposit- allowed Americans to transfer cargoes in New Orleans without paying duties to the Spanish government.

Battle of Fallen Timbers- attack made by American General "Mad Anthony Wayne" against invading Indians from the northwest. The defeat of the Indians ended the alliance made with the British and Indians.

Whisky Rebellion (1794)- small rebellion, that began in Southwestern Pennsylvania in 1794 that was a challenge to the National Governments unjust use of an excise tax on an "economic medium of exchange".

XYZ Affair- French ministers known as X, Y, and Z requested bribes as the basis for entering into negotiations with the U.S.

Alien and Sedition Acts- Contains 3 parts: 1. The Naturalization Act= 14 years to qualify for citizenship. 2. President could deport any aliens considered dangerous and detain any enemy aliens in times of war. 3. It was illegal for newspaper editors to criticize the president and congress/ heavy penalties if did so.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions- said that the states had entered a compact in forming the national government, and, therefore, if any act of the federal government broke the compact, a state could nullify the federal law.

 

 

Outline of Ch. 6: The Constitution and the New Republic, 1787-1800

I.                   The United States Under the Articles, 1781-1787

a.       Foreign  Problems

                                                              i.      The U.S. under the Articles consisted of a one-house congress, no separate executive, and no separate judiciary

                                                            ii.      Relations between the US and the major European powers were strained b/c the states refused to adhere to the Treaty of Paris of 1783 that required Loyalists’ property to be restored and debts to foreigners be repaid

                                                          iii.      US was weak under Articles and thus couldn’t stop British restrictions on trade and maintaining military outposts in West

b.      Economic Weakness and Interstate Quarrels

                                                              i.      Nonpayment of war debts reduced foreign trade and limited credit which contributed to widespread economic depression

                                                            ii.      Inability to levy nat’l taxes and inflation added to problems

                                                          iii.      The states competed for economic advantage, so they placed tariffs and other restrictions of goods moving across state lines which caused interstate rivalry and tension

c.       The Annapolis Convention

                                                              i.      (1785) George Washington called a conference at Mt. Vernon to discuss what could be done about the country’s inability to overcome critical problems

                                                            ii.      Reps from 4 states (VA,MD,DL, & PA) agreed to have another conference in Annapolis for further discussion

                                                          iii.      James Madison and Alexander Hamilton persuaded others to have another convention in Philly in 1787 to revise the Articles

II.                Drafting the Constitution at Philly

a.       The Delegates

                                                              i.      55 wealthy white male delegates in their early forties attended

                                                            ii.      Delegates voted to conduct their meetings in secret until their work was done and George Washington was elected chairperson

                                                          iii.      The work of fashioning specific articles of the Constitution was directed by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton Gouverneur Morris, and John Dickinson

b.      The Issues

                                                              i.      Madison and Hamilton, who were strong nationalists and wanted to draft a completely new Constitution, took control of the convention

                                                            ii.      Americans in 1780s distrusted too much gov’t. and believed they would abuse their powers

1.      Representation

a.       A major issue was whether larger states should have more reps. in Congress than smaller states

b.      The VA Plan favored large states; the NJ Plan favored smaller states

c.       The Connecticut Plan à The Great Compromise, provided a 2-house Congress: equal reps. in Senate and each state rep. according to size in House of Reps.

2.      Slavery

a.       The Three Fifths Compromise counted every slave as 3/5 a person to determine a state’s level of taxation and rep.

b.      Slaves could be imported for at least 20 yrs. Longer, after that Congress could abolish the practice

3.      Trade

a.       North wanted central gov’t. to regulate interstates commerce and foreign trade; South was afraid export taxes would be placed on agricultural products

b.      Commercial Compromise: allowed Congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce (tariffs), but could not place taxes on any exports

4.      Powers and election of the president

a.       Power of Pres. included the vetoing acts of Congress

b.      Pres. term limited to 4 yrs.

c.       Elected through electoral college system

5.      Ratification

a.       Sept.17, 1787 – convention approved draft and submitted it to states for ratification

b.      Only 9 out 13 states had to approve it

III.             Federalists and Anti-Federalists

a.       The Federalist Papers

                                                              i.      Federalists supported Constitution

                                                            ii.      The Federalist Papers: Series of 85 highly persuasive essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay

b.      Outcome

                                                              i.      Federalists promised to add a bill of rights to successfully addressed the Anti-Federalists’ objection

                                                            ii.      1788- Federalists reached the necessary 9 states but needed NY and VA to have any hope of nat’l unity

1.      Virginia

a.       Most populous of 13 states

b.      Had strong opposition from Anti-Federalists, but Federalists won after the promised bill of rights

2.      Other states

a.       VA’s vote influenced NY to ratify

b.      NC (1789) and RI (1790) were last 2 states to ratify

IV.             Adding the Bill of Rights

a.       Arguments for a Bill of Rights

                                                              i.      Anti-Federalists argued that Americans had escaped British central gov’t. tyranny and did not want another – this problem could only be solved by a Bill of Rights

b.      Arguments Against a Bill of Rights

                                                              i.      Federalists argued that members of Congress would be elected by the people and didn’t need to be protected from themselves and it was better to assumer that all rights were protected than created a limited list of rights

                                                            ii.      Federalists backed down and added Bill of Rights

c.       The First Ten Amendments

                                                              i.      Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition

                                                            ii.      Right to bear arms

                                                          iii.      No quartering of troops

                                                          iv.      No unreasonable search and seizures

                                                            v.      Due process, no criminal must incriminate himself and double jeopardy

                                                          vi.      Right to speedy and public trial and right to call witnesses

                                                        vii.      In civil cases, right to trial by jury

                                                      viii.      Persons accused of crimes protected against excessive bail, fines, and cruel & unusual punishment

                                                          ix.      Rights in Constitution are guaranteed against gov’t. infringement

                                                            x.      All powers not belonging to federal gov’t. belong to the people

V.                Washington’s Presidency

a.       Organizing the Federal Government

                                                              i.      The first members of Congress were elected in 1788 and began their first session in March 1789

                                                            ii.      George Washington was the unanimously elected the first US Pres. in April 1789

                                                          iii.      Checks and balances were created between the legislative branch (Congress), exuctative branch (Pres.), and the judicial branch (Supreme Court)

1.      Executive departments

a.       Washington’s first task as Pres. was to organize new depts. of the executive branch

b.      Four heads of depts. were elected: TJ as sec. of state, Alexander Hamilton as sec. of the treasury, Henry Knox as sec. of war, and Edmund Randolph as attorney general = cabinet of advisors to discuss major policy issues

2.      Federal court system

a.       Only the Supreme Court is mentioned in the Constitution, but power was given to Congress to create other federal courts

b.      Judiciary Act of 1789 – est. as Supreme Court w/ one chief justice and 5 associate justices ruled by state courts and provided system of 13 district courts and 3 circuit courts of appeals

b.      Hamilton’s Financial Program

                                                              i.      Alexander Hamilton created a financial program to stabilize US finances : 1) pay off nat’l. debt and have federal gov’t. assume the war debts of the states 2) protect the nation’s young industries and collect revenues at the same time by imposing high tariffs on imported goods 3) create nat’l. bank

                                                            ii.      Supporters of this program were northern merchants while opposition came from the Anti-Federalists

1.      Debt

a.       Jefferson agreed w/ Hamilton about paying off nat’l. debt and payment of war debts of the states

2.      Tariffs and excise taxes

a.       The tariffs Congress set were lower than Hamilton had intended

3.      National Bank

a.       Jefferson diagreed w/ the nat’l bank, afraid it would give to much power to the federal gov’t., but Hamilton argued it fell under the necessary and proper clause authorized by Congress

b.      Washington supported Hamilton and the Nat’l. Bank was created

c.       Foreign Affairs

                                                              i.      The French Revolution

1.      The US were faced with the choice of whether to support 1) France 2) France’s enemies 3) neither

2.      Jefferson and his supporters sympathized with the revolutionary cause b/c Britain was seizing American ships bound for French ports

                                                            ii.      Proclamation of neutrality (1793)

1.      Washington didn’t believe that the young nation was prepared to engage in a Euro war so in 1793, he proclaimed US neutrality in the conflict – TJ thus resigned from the cabinent

                                                          iii.      “Citizen” Genet

1.      “Citizen” Genet was the French minister to the US and broke all normal rules of diplomacy by appealing directly to Americans to support the French

2.      Washington requested the French gov’t. to remove the offending diplomat

                                                          iv.      The Jay Treaty (1794)

1.      Chief Justice John Jay was sent to Britain to discuss the search and seizing of American ships

2.      Jay brought back a treaty in which Britain agreed to removal of troops from the West, but it said nothing about search and seizure of US ships

3.      This angered French supporters, but maintained Washington’s policy of neutrality

                                                            v.      The Pinckney Treaty (1795)

1.      The Jay Treaty made Spain suspect that the US was becoming closer w/ Britain who was Spain’s longtime foe and thus consolidated its holdings in N. America

2.      Thomas Pinckney, US minister to Spain, negotiated a treaty in which Spain agreed to open the lower Mississippi River and New Orleans to American trade and Spain accepted the US claim that Florida’s northern boundary should be the 31^st parallel

                                                          vi.      Domestic Concerns

1.      Native Americans

a.       People began to move further west past the Alleghenies towards the Ohio River Valley where Native Americans’ existence was threatened

b.      Evidence was found that Britain was supplying the Native Americans and encouraging them to fight

c.       (1794) Battle of Fallen Timbers – Gen. Anthony Wayne defeated the Shawnee, Wyandot, and other Native Americans

d.      Treaty of Greenville – defeated Native Americans agreed to open Ohio River Valley to settelers

2.      The Whisky Rebellion (1794)

a.       Farmers refused to par excise tax on whisky

b.      15,000 troops were mobilized to collapse whisky rebellion

3.      Western lands

a.       Public Land Act of 1796 – encouraged settlement of newly gained Ohio Territory

VI.             Political Parties

a.       Origins

                                                              i.      1790s was the Federalist Era b/c of 2 Federalist presidents, political parties began to form around Hamilton and Jefferson

                                                            ii.      The French Rev. solidified the formation of nat’l political parties

b.      Difference Between the Parties

                                                              i.      Federalist strength was greatest in northeastern states

                                                            ii.      Democratic-Republicans strength was greatest in southern and western states

c.       Washington’s Farewell Address

                                                              i.      He warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, against the US making “permanent alliances” in foreign affairs, not to form political parties, and to avoid sectionalism

VII.          John Adams’ Presidency

a.       The XYZ Affair

                                                              i.      Americans were angered by French seizure of American ships

                                                            ii.      Adams sent delegates to  negotiate and certain French ministers known only as X,Y, and Z requested bribes which infuriated American

b.      The Alien and Sedition Acts

                                                              i.      Federalists adopted these laws: 1) the Naturalization Act which increase from 5 to 14 number of years required for immigrants to qualify for US citizenship 2) Alien Acts authorized deportation of dangerous aliens 3) Sedition Act made it illegal for newspaper editors to criticize either the pres. or Congress

c.       The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

                                                              i.      Republicans argued the Alien and Sedition Acts violated First Amendment rights

                                                            ii.      This faded b/c: 1)federalists lost their majority in Congress and Republicans repealed acts they disagreed with 2) Supreme Court under John Marshall asserted it power as the court of last resort

VIII.       The Election of 1800

a.       Election Results

                                                              i.      Ballot for Republicans: TJ and Aaron Burr – there was a tie, so House gave majority to TJ

b.      A Peaceful Revolution

                                                              i.      Passing of power was accomplished w/o violence

                                                            ii.      The Federalists quietly accepted their defeat

                                                          iii.      Known as Revolution of 1800

 

---

 

Chapter 7 Terms

 

 

 

Louisiana Purchase- previously owned by Spain, Napoleon Bonaparte secretly forced Spainto give the Louisiana Territory back to its former

                                 owner, France, in hopes to restore French empire in 

                                 the Americas.

                               - 1803 Bonaparte lost interest in his plan to restore the French empire: 1) needed to concentrate French resources on fighting

                                  England 2) rebellion led by Toussaint

                                  l'Ouverture aganist French rule on the island of Santo Domingo had resulted in heavy French losses

                               - Mississippi River was a major interest for economical reasons

                               - Negotiations were made between the U.S. and France. Jefferson offered $10 million for both New Orleans and strip of land in

                                 Florida. Seeking funds, the French offered the

                                 entire Louisana purchase for $15 million

                               - No clause in the Constitution stated that a president could purchase foreign land so Jefferson submitted it to the Senate

                               - strengthened Jefferson's popularity and showed Federalists to be weak

                               - increased importance of expedition

 

John Marshall- Federalist judge

                      - cousin of Jefferson

                      - appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during the final months of John Adams' presidency  

                      - 34 years in this position

                      - first major case: Marbury vs. Madison

 

Marbury vs. Madison- Jefferson wanted to block the Federalist appointments made last minute by John Adams

                                 - Ordered James Madison, Secretary of State, not to deliever the commissions to the Federalists judges whom Adams had appointed in his last days of office

                                 - one of Adam's "midnight appointments" William Marbury sued for his commission

                                 - Marbury vs. Madison case went to the Supreme Court for review in 1803

                                 - Justice Marshall ruled that Marbury had right to his commission according to the Judiciary Act passed by Congress in 1789

                                 - Marshall stated that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional

 

Aaron Burr- served as vice president for one term

                  - threatened to break up the Union

                  - opposed Hamilton, dared him to a duel and shot and killed Hamilton

 

Barbary Pirates- first major challenge to Jefferson's foreign policy came from the piracy practiced by the Barbary states on the North African coast

                         - to protect merchant ships from being seized by Barbary pirates, Washington and Adams agreed to pay tribute to their government

 

Impressment- British practice of capturing U.S. sailors and impressing (forcing) them to serve in the British army

 

Chesapeake- Leopard affair- British warship Leopard fired on the U.S. warship Chesapeake

                                            - 3 Americans were killed and 4 others taken captive and impressed into the British navy

                                            - many Americans demanded war but Jefferson resorted to diplomacy and economic pressure as his response to the crisis

 

Embargo Act (1807)- prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port

                               - the embargo backfired and brought much greater economic hardship to the U.S. trade

                               - once the act failed Jefferson called for its repeal in 1809 during the last days of his presidency

 

Nonintercourse Act (1809)- after Jefferson's repeal of the disastrous embargo act, Madison hoped to end economic hardship while maintaing his country's rights as a neutral nation

                                         - this act provided that Americans could now trade with all nations except Britain and France

 

Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)- Nathaniel Macon, member of Congress, introduced a bill that restored U.S. trade with Britain and France

                                       - this bill provided that if either Britain or France formally agreed to respect U.S. neutral rights at sea, then the U.S. would prohibit trade with that nation's foe

 

Tecumesh; Prophet- a warrior, attempted to unite all tribes east of the Mississippi River

 

Battle of Tippecanoe- (1811) General Harrison destroyed the Shawnee headquarters and put an end to Tecumesh's efforts to form an Indian confederacy

 

War hawks- group of young Republicans from the frontier states (Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio)

                  - known as war hawks because of  their eagerness for war with Britain

                  - they quickly gained significance in the House of Representatives

                  - led by Henry Clay (Kentucky) and John C. Calhoun ( South Carolina), the war hawk Congressmen argued that war with Britain would be the only way to defend American honor,

                    gain Canada, and destroy Native American resistance on the frontier

 

Battle of New Orleans- January 8, 1815

                                  - major British effort to control the Mississippi River was halted at New Oreleans by Jackson leading a force of frontiermen, free blacks, and Creoles

 

Treaty of Ghent (1814)- American peace commissioners traveled to Ghent, Belgium to discuss terms of peace with British diplomats

                                    - on December 24, 1814 an agreement was reached. The terms were

                                       1) a halt to the fighting

                                       2) the return of all conquered territory to the prewar claimant

                                       3) recognition of the prewar boundary between Canada and the United States

 

Hartford Convention- held in December 1814

                                - radical Federalists in New England urged that the Constitution be amended and upon last resort session be voted upon

                                - to limit the growing  power of the Republicans in the South and the West, they adopted a number of proposals, one of them called for two-thrids vote of both houses

                                  for any future declaraction of war

 

 

 Chapter 7: The Age of Jefferson, 1800- 1816

Under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, the nation experienced peaceful political change, expanded territorially, survived another war, and strengthened its democratic and nationalistic spirit.

I Jefferson’s Presidency

            A. During his term, Jefferson did the following:

                        1. maintained the national bank and debt-repayment plan 

                        2. with foreign policy, he carried on neutrality policies

                        3. followed the principle of limited central government

                        4. reduced the size of the military

                        5. eliminated a number of federal jobs

                        6. repealed excise taxes & lowered the national debt

            B. The Louisiana Purchase

                        1. Territory covered a vast unexplored tract of western land through which

                             the Mississippi and Missouri rivers flowed, and the port of New Orleans was located.

                        2. Territory was controlled by France

                        3. Jefferson sent ministers to France seeking New Orleans and strip of

                            land, however French ministers offered to sell New Orleans and the

                            entire Louisiana Territory for 15 million—Americans accepted offer

                        4. The purchase doubled the size of the United States & removed foreign

                            presence.

            C Lewis and Clark expeditions increased geographic and scientific knowledge of

               unexplored lands.

            D. John Marshall and the Supreme Court

                        1. Federalist judges dominated the federal courts, which angered Jefferson

                        2.  John Marshall was the chief justice of the Supreme Court, and his

                             decisions strengthened the central government, while decreasing states

                             rights.

                        3. Marbury vs. Madison: By ruling a law of Congress to be  unconstitutional, Marshall established judicial review

            E. Jefferson’s Reelection

                        1. 1804: Jefferson was reelected president by a large margin.

                        2. Aaron Burr was not elected for a second term as vice president.  He

                             threatened to break up the union and eventually killed Alexander

                            Hamilton.

            F. Difficulties Abroad

                        1. Barbary Pirates: pirates were seizing American merchant ships,

                            Jefferson sent a small fleet of U.S. naval vessels.

                        2. Challenges to U.S. Neutrality: France and Britain seized ships and

                            confiscated their cargo. Britain was also capturing U.S. sailors

                        3. Chesapeake- Leopard Affair: British warship fired on the American

                           warship.  Three Americans were killed and others were taken captive.

            G. Embargo Act (1807)

                        1. This act prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any

                           foreign port.

                        2. Jefferson hoped that Britain would stop violating the rights of neutral

                           nations rather than lose U.S. trade.

                        3. Embargo actually hurt the U.S. more than Britain. Was repealed in 1809

 

II Madison’s Presidency

            A.  Election of 1808

                        1. Madison defeated the Federalist candidate, Charles Pinckney.

            B. Commercial Warfare

                        1. Nonintercourse Act of 1809: allowed Americans to trade with all

                            nations except Britain and France.

                        2. Macon’s Bill No.2 (1810) restored U.S. trade with Britain and France.

                            Also provided that if either Britain or France would formally agree to

                            respect U.S. neutral rights, then the U.S. would prohibit trade with

                            that nation’s foe.  ( Napoleon violated this)

III War of 1812

            A. Causes of the War

                        1. continued violation of U.S. neutral rights at sea

                        2. troubles with the British on the western frontier. ( British aiding Native

                           Americans)

                        3. War Hawks: Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun encouraged war with

                             Britain.

            B. A Divided Nation

                        1. Most of the northern states were against the war: New York, New

                            Jersey, and the states of New England.

                        2. Madison won reelection in 1812

            C. Military Defeats and Naval Victories

                        1. Invasion of Canada: Americans defeated by British

                        2. Naval Battles: because of superior shipbuilding, the U.S. navy achieved

                            notable victories

                        3. Chesapeake Campaign: British set fire to U.S. government buildings,

                            attempted to take Baltimore, but failed.

                        4. Southern Campaign: Andrew Jackson defeated British at the Battle of

                            New Orleans.

            D. Treaty of Ghent

                        1. Peace treaty under the following terms: halt to fighting, return of all

                            conquered territory, and recognition of the prewar boundary between

                           Canada and the U.S.

            F. Hartford Convention: Angry New England states gathered to discuss plans to

                 limit powers of the Republicans.

            G. Effects of the War:

                        1. U.S. gained respect

                        2. U.S. accepted Canada as neighbor

                        3. Federalist party declined

                        4. Native Americans forced to surrender

                        5. U.S. factories built

                        6. War heroes created & nationalism

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

---

1. The Era of Good Feelings: Began in 1816 when James Monroe was elected as president. Spirit of nationalism, optimism and goodwill because the Republicans dominated politics. The era actually held heated debates over tariffs, the national bank, internal improvements, public land sales, and slavery.

2. Tariff of 1816: As a method to raise money for the government there was a small tariff enacted before the War of 1812. The tariff of 1816 was enacted to protect the new U.S. manufacturers; it was the first protective tariff and was only opposed by New England.

3. Protective Tariff: A protective tariff is a tax placed on foreign imports to force buyers to get their goods from other American’s because there was no tax on these products.

4. Henry Clay’s American System: Consisted of three parts (1.) Protective tariffs (2.) National Bank (3.) Internal improvements. Clay felt the tariff would promote American manufacturing and raise revenue which would provide for the internal improvements in transportation. He felt that the national bank would keep economy in check by providing a national currency.

5. Panic of 1819: Caused by Second National Bank when credit was tightened to control inflation. Many state banks were closed and the value of money fell causing many to become unemployed, bankrupt, and imprisoned for debt. The west was especially hurt when the bank foreclosed much of the western farmland.

6. Implied Powers: In the case of McCulloch v. Maryland Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the federal government had implied powers to create a National Bank.

7. Missouri Compromise: The Missouri Compromise stated that all territories applying for statehood north of the 36° 30’ slavery would be prohibited and that states would enter in pairs of one free and one slave to keep the balance in the senate.

8. Treaty of 1818: Between U.S. and Britain three parts (1.) Shared fishing rights by coast of Newfoundland (2.) Joint occupation of Oregon for ten years (3.) Western U.S. - Canada border by making 49^th parallel the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory.

9. Florida Purchase Treaty:  Spain gave up Florida and claims in Oregon to the U.S. and, the U.S. assumed 5 million in claims against Spain and gave up all U.S. territorial claims in Texas.

10. Monroe Doctrine:  The doctrine stated that because the American continents are free and have maintained their freedom that they can not be colonized by any European powers. The doctrine angered many including Britain because it said that all countries could not interfere with South America.

11. National (Cumberland) Road: A paved highway from Maryland to Illinois construction began in 1811 and finished in the 1850’s, the road was paid for by both federal and state funds.

12. Erie Canal: The Erie Canal connected the East with the West and because of the improved transportation the products were cheaper for both sections.

13. Steamboats and Railroads: Steamboats were developed by Robert Fulton and provided a much quicker and cheaper way to move people and products trough canals and rivers. Railroads were similar to canals because they also provided quick transportation; they turned small western towns into booming commercial centers.

14. Interchangeable Parts: With the invention of interchangeable parts mass production was made possible and the need for skilled craftsman declined.

15. Samuel Slater: When he came over from England he brought with him the British secrets of how to build cotton-spinning machines, and used these to create the first U.S. factory.

16. Lowell System; Textile Mills: The Lowell System was a factory system in which women work, eat, pray, and live in the factory until they are married. Textile mills were the first types of U.S. factories used to spin cotton into things such as clothing.

Chapter 8

Nationalism and Economic Development

(early 1800s - mid 1800s)

I. Era of Good feeling

   A. Attributes

        1. used to describe Monroe’s two terms in office

        2. started when James Monroe became president

        3. marked by a spirit of nationalism, good will, and optimism

        4. Federalist party fades away; Republicans dominate politics in every section

           (North, South, and West)

 

 

   B. James Monroe

 

       1. Virginia

       2. Republican

       3. elected as president in 1816

       4. served 2 terms

       5. Madison’s Secretary of State (succeeded Madison as president)

       6. presidency is best known for the acquisition of Florida, the Missouri Compromise,

           and the Monroe Doctrine

   C. Cultural nationalism

       1. popular among the younger generation

       2. focused on expanding westward

       3. had little interest in European politics

       4. expressed in every aspect of society

 

   D. Economic Nationalism

       1. ran parallel with cultural nationalism

       2. political movement to support the growth of America’s economy

           a) internal improvements (building roads and canals)

           b) protect budding industry from European competitors

               1) Tariff of 1816

                   A) Congress raised import tariffs on certain goods so as to cut down on

                   competition between British manufactured goods and American

                   manufactured goods

                   B) first protective tariff in America

                       2) Henry Clay’s American System

                  A) Henry Clay

                         I) Kentucky

                        II) leader in the House of Representatives

                    B) consisted of three parts

                         I) protective tariffs => promote American Manufacturing, raise revenue

                         for federally constructed road and canals (benefits east)

                        II) a national bank => keep system running smoothly by providing a

                          national currency (benefits all)

                       III) internal improvements => promote growth in West and South

 

                    D) Second Bank of the United States

                         I) Hamilton’s charter for the first bank had expired in 1811

                        II) chartered in 1816

   E. Panic of 1819

        1. first major financial panic since the Constitution was ratified

         2. Second bank of the US tightened credit in an attempt to control inflation

             a) many state banks closed

             b) increases in unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt

              c) value of money fell (deflation)

   F. Political Changes

       1. as a result of the Panic of 1819, nationalistic beliefs were shaken

        2. strong opposition to a national bank and debtors’ prison surfaced

   G. the Federalist party declined because it failed to adapt

       1. opposed the War of 1812

       2. presided over Hartford Convention (plans to secede)

       3. crushingly defeated in election of 1816

       4.  failed to nominate a presidential candidate in 1820

   H. Republican party underwent internal strain as it adjusted to the changing times

     1. certain party members, such as John Randolph, kept to the old ideals of limited

      government and strict interpretation of the constitution

     2. most adopted former Federalist programs

         a) after War of 1812 Congress authorized large standing army and navy

         b) chartered Second Bank of the United States, originally the idea of Federalist

         Alexander Hamilton

II. Marshall’s Supreme Court and Central Government Powers

     A. John Marshall

          1. appointed to Supreme Court by Federalist John Adams in 1800

          2. chief justice

          3. favored central government and the rights of property against the advocates of

          states’ rights

     B. Marshall led the Supreme Court in quite few landmark decisions

           1. Marbury v. Madison => established principle of judicial review

           2. Fletcher v. Peck

               a) court case involving land fraud in Georgia

               b) concluded that states can not pass legislation invalidating a contract

               c) first time Supreme Court declared a state law to be unconstitutional

           3. Martin v. Hunter’s Lease => established that Supreme Court has jurisdiction

           over state courts in cases involving constitutional rights

            4. Dartmouth College v. Woodward

                a) court case involving a New Hampshire law which changed Dartmouth

                College from a privately chartered college to a public institution

                b) Supreme Court declared this law unconstitutional, saying that a private corporation could not be altered by the state

            5. McCulloch v. Maryland

                a) Maryland tried to collect a tax from the Second Bank of the US

                 b) case questioned whether Congress had the right to create a national bank,

                  even if there was no clause in the constitution, and whether a state institution

                  could tax a federal institution

                  c) Supreme Court used loose interpretation of the Constitution to declare that

                  federal government had implied power to make a bank

                  d) states can not tax federal institution, federal laws = supreme over state laws

            6. Cohens v. Virginia

            a) in Virginia, the Cohens were convicted of selling DC Lottery tickets authorized

             by Congress

             b) the Supreme Court upheld this conviction and established the principle that the

              Supreme Court could review state court cases involving the powers of the

              federal government

            7. Gibbons v. Ogden

                 a) established that a state law could not overturn a federal law

                 b) federal law takes precedence over state law

III. Western Settlement and the Missouri Compromise

        A. Reasons for Westward movement (during presidencies of Madison & Monroe)

              1. Acquisition of Native American land

              2. Economic pressures from the embargo and the war

              3. improved transportation enables easier settlement

              4. European immigrants are attracted by cheap land

        B. Missouri Compromise

              1. as new states were settled and admitted to the union, the issue of slavery

               became important

              2. territories to the south wanted slaves for labor

              3. territories to the North had no use for slaves

              4. Congress tried to preserve balance between slave states and non slave states

               by admitting states to the Union in pairs

               5. Missouri applied for statehood by itself, as a slaveholding state

               6. Tallmadge amendment

                   a) legislation proposed by James Tallmadge

                   b) called for the admission of Missouri as a slaveholding state with conditions

                        1) allow for existing slaves, but prohibit the addition of new slaves in MO

                        2) require children of current MO slaves to be emancipated at age 25

                    c) would have led to the gradual elimination of slavery in MO

                     d) South enraged, amendment defeated in the Senate

               7. Clay proposed a three point compromise

                    a) MO to be admitted as a slave holding state

                     b) Maine to be admitted as a free state

                     c) in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36 degrees 30’,

                      slavery was prohibited => basically, north of the imaginary line is free,

                      south of the imaginary line are slaveholders

               8. sectionalism (loyalty to one’s own region) began to battle with nationalism

               (loyalty to the Union)

IV. Foreign Affairs

       A. Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

            1. British and American negotiators agreed to a major disarmament pact

            2. strictly limited naval power on the Great Lakes, and placed limits on border fortifications => US/Canada border became longest unfortified boundary in the world

       B. Treaty of 1818

            1. treaty between British and Americans

            2. provided for:

                a) shared fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland

                b) joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for ten years

                c) settling the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49^th parallel,

                establishing the western US/Canada border

       C. Florida

            1. US expansionists had long wanted Florida, but the Spanish presence had

             always been too strong

                a) Spanish troops were removed from Florida to battle revolts in Spanish

                territories in South America

                b) Seminoles, runaway slaves, and white outlaws could conduct raids on US

                 territory, then run back across the border

                c) this gave US pres Monroe the perfect excuse to invade

            2. Florida Purchase Treaty

                a) in 1817, the president commissioned Andrew Jackson to stop the raiding

                b) Jackson took up this mission enthusiastically, and may have taken his orders just a bit far, and went a little farther into Florida than necessary

                c) Spain worried that the US would take FL by force, so in 1819 they signed the Florida Purchase Treaty

                     1) turned over the rest of western FL, along with all of it’s claims to the

                      Oregon Territory

                     2) the US agreed to assume $5million in claims against the Spanish and give

                      up all claims to Texas

        D. Monroe Doctrine

             1. brainchild of John Quincy Adams

             2. a declaration made by president Monroe stating that the American continents

             were not for European colonization

V. A National Economy

     A. Population Growth

          1. population doubled several time from 1800 to 1850

          2. increase was due to higher birthrate but mostly immigrants

     B. Transportation

          1. Roads

          2. Canals

          3. Steamboats

          4. Railroads

     C. Growth of Industry

           1. Mechanical inventions

               a) patent laws

               b) Eli Whitney

                    1) 1793 invented the cotton gin

                    2) during the War of 1812, invented system of interchangeable parts for

                         rifles

           2. corporations for raising capital

               a) laws were passed allowing the sale of stock

               b) allowed for the  raising large sums needed to build factories and railroads, etc

           3. factory system

               a) Samuel Slater

                   1) emigrated from Britain

                   2) brought with him the plans for making cotton-spinning machines

                   3) established first US factory in 1791

               b) states with few natural resources turned to industry

           4. labor

               a)  originally factory workers were hard to find b/c of cheap land in the West

               b) factories often used child labor

               c) Lowell System

                    1) recruited young farm women

                    2) housed them in company dormitories

           5. unions

               a) unions had little success obtaining their goals for three reasons

               b) immigrant replacement workers

               c) state laws outlawing unions

               d) frequent economic depression and unemployment

     D. Commercial Agriculture

          1. cheap land and easy credit

          2. new markets opened up because of transportation

     E. Cotton and the South

          1. the cotton gin made cotton a very lucrative crop

          2. south mostly exported cotton to Britain

     F. Effects of the market revolution

         1. women were generally limited to 2 careers: teaching and domestic service

         2. economic and social mobility became more possible, but extreme cases were rare

         3. slavery was becoming an ever greater issue, as demand for slave labor increased

          for the ever increasing demand for more cotton

 

---

 

Cyrus McCormick- Invented the mechanical reeper.

 

John Deere- Invented the steel plow.

 

Old Northwest- Where many German immigrants established homesteads and prospered.

 

Nativists- Native-born Americans who disliked the mostly Catholic immigrants.

 

American Party- The political party of the nativist Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, also known as the Know-Nothing Party.

 

Denmark Vesey- Led a slave revolt in 1822 which was violently suppressed.

 

Nat Turner- Led a slave revolt in 1831 which  was violently suppressed. The revolt gave hope to slaves, and caused the slave codes to be made stricter. 

 

Native American Removal- By 1850 the vast majority of Native Americans lived west of the Mississippi because those to the east  had been  killed or forced to emmigrate.

 

 

 

 

Chapter 9: Sectionalism (1820-1850)

Federalists in the NE and Democratic Republicans in the South expressed strong sectional differences during this time.

 I. The North East

  A. Industrial North East

   1. The north was bound together by a good transportation system and high economic growth rate

  B. Labor in the North East

   1. There were almost a million laborers in the north, most immigrants

   2. Unions did exist, although they rarely made a difference

     a. what changes they could make came few and far between

  C. Urban Life

   1. Huge population increase, many more slums

   2. As many as 250k freed slaves were in the north, not treated well

II. The North West

  A. Agricultural North West

   1. Building of railroads and canals made farming for profit possible

   2. Corn and Wheat most popular to grow

   3. Production caused created of new cities Ex: Chicago and Detroit

   4. Some immigrants farmed, although most were laborers

 III. Immigration to North

  A. As many as 420k immigrants came each year

   1. Boat travel became affordable, millions came from Europe

   2. Immigrants helped the economy

   3. Irish came because of famine, Germans to flee from economic problems

   4. Nativists opposed immigration

IV. The South

 A. Agriculture and Cotton controlled southern economy

   1. Cotton gin dramatically increased production

 B. Slavery

   1. Expensive, and considered personal property

   2. There were very few major slave uprisings

   3. Very strong discrimination in the South

 C. White Society

   1. Aristocrat = 100+ slaves, 1000+ acres

   2. Farmer= About 20 Slaves, 100, acres

   3. Average white man in south was poor and had no slaves

   4. Upper class educated their children

   5. Mostly Methodist and Baptist religions

V. The West

  A. Native Americans

   1. Original settlers of the west, violently pushed off their land

   2. Exodus - Indians reluctantly left

   3. Plains people depended on horses

 B. The Frontier

   1. Pioneer women desperately needed

   2. Short lifespan for farmers in the West

 C. Environmental damage was severe in the West

---

Panic of 1837- economic depression that began with Van Buren’s election; partially due to national bank veto 

 

---

Antebellum Period - Period before Civil War; people dedicated to reform causes

 

Second Great Awakening - revivalism in religion, caused new divisions in soceity between new religious sects and older Protestant Churches; significant role in social reform

 

Revivalism: Revival (camp) meetings - sermons meant to scare people into declaring their 'revived' faith; "hell and brimstone" revivals; faith and hard work could save you

 

Mormons - Church of Latter-Day Saints, believed connection between Native Americans and lost tribes of Israel, practice polygamy

 

Joseph Smith: Brigham Young - founded Mormons, based faith on Book of Mormon, murdered by mob: Young established New Zion, believed in polygamy

 

Transcendentalists - group of writers and reformers; discover one's inner self and find God in nature; challenged materialism and opposed capitalism

 

Henry David Thoreau - transcendentalist wrote Walden; ecologist and conservationist, advocate of nonviolent protest, refused to pay a tax to support Mexican War; inspired nonviolent movements

 

Hudson River School - school that expressed romantic age's fascination with the natural world; stresed painting

 

Asylum movement - reformers wanted to help those neglected due to mental and physchological problems; created public institutions to try to cure them of antisocial behavior

 

Dorothea Dix - former schoolteacher who dedicated life to improve conditions for mentally ill people

 

Thomas Gallaudet - founded school for the deaf

 

Horace Mann - advocate for public school movement; tax supported schools began to spread

 

McGuffey readers - teacher created textbooks for reading and moral instruction; readers extolled virtues of hard work, punctuality, sobriety

 

Sarah Grimke, Angelina Grimke - sisters that objected to male opposition to their antislavery activities; Sarah wrote Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes

 

Elizabeth Cady Stanton - campaigned for women's rights; leading feminist; equal voting, legal, and property rights

 

Seneca Falls Convention (1848) - first women's rights convention; "Declaration of Sentiments" - all men and women are created equal

 

Susan B. Anthony - women's rights leader; advocate for temperance and against slavery

 

William Lloyd Garrison; The Liberator - began abolitionist newspaper, beginning of radical abolitionist movement

 

Harriet Tubman - black leader helped slaves escape to freedom by the Underground Railroad

 

Sojourner Truth -  was a slave who escaped to freedom; anti-slavery leader helped other slaves to freedom too

 

 

 

---

Manifest Destiny -U.S. obligation to expand across the North American continent

 

Stephen Austin -Son of Moses Austin; brought 300 families into Texas; began migration of Americans into the new frontier

 

Sam Houston - Led the army at the Battle of San Jacinto River; captured Mexican general Santa Anna and forced him to recognize Texas’ independence

 

Alamo - Attack on Texans by Santa Anna; All Americans killed, one of the short term reasons for retaliation by the U.S.

 

John C. Fremont - Settled in California; overthrew Mexican rule in northern California; established bear flag republic

 

California; Bear Flag Republic - Established by John C. Fremont in June 1846

 

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) - Negotiated by Nicholas Trist; Mexico recognized the Rio Grande as southern border of Texas; U.S. would take over California and New Mexico and pay $15 million plus assume the claims of American citizens against Mexico.

 

Wilmot Proviso - A bill proposed by David Wilmot to forbid slavery in any new territories gained from Mexico

 

Ostend Manifesto (1852) – Created by three American diplomats sent to Ostend, Belgium; the diplomats secretly negotiated to buy Cuba from Spain.

 

Elias Howe – Created the sewing machine which allowed for factory produced clothing.

 

Samuel F. B. Morse – Created the telegraph; successfully used in 1844

 

Matthew C. Perry; Japan – Convinced Japan’s government to open two Japanese ports to U.S. trade vessels in 1854

 

Panic of 1857 – Large drop in prices, especially for Midwestern farmers; increased unemployment in northern cities; South was less affected because cotton prices remained high

 

**CHAPTER 12: TERRITORIAL AND ECONOMIC EXPANSION (1830-1860)** **I. Conflicts over Texas, Maine and Oregon** • Interest in expanding south and west was result of pioneers migrating during 20s/30s __Texas__ • 1823 Mexican Independence -> needs settlers -> Stephen Austin brings 300 Amer. families to TX area-> 1830 Americans outnumber Mexicans • 1829 Mexico outlaws slavery and requires all immigrants to convert to Catholicism • 1834 Santa Anna takes over Mexico • 1836 TX declares independence led by Sam Huston • Alamo: Santa Anna (Mexico) wins • Battle of the San Jacinto River: Sam Huston (Texas) wins • 1844 Sam Huston asks US to annex TX but north fears new slave states and no one wants a war with MX so Senate refuses (Pres. Tyler supported it) __Boundary Dispute in Maine__ • Aroostook War or “battle of the maps”__ boundary line between Maine and New Brunswick ‘ill-defined’->British still viewed as US’s worst enemy->conflict between rival lumberman groups-> open fighting-> settled by Daniel Webster and Br. Ambassador Alexander Ashburton • Webster-Ashburton Treaty: 1842 defines Maine and Minnesota borders; US gets iron __Boundary Dispute in Oregon__ • Claims to Oregon: Spain, Russia, Britain, and US • Britain: Hudson Fur Co.’s trade Pacific Northwest; 1846 <1000 Britons still there • US: Columbia River found by Gray (1792); Lewis and Clark (1805); Astoria (1811) • 1844; “Oregon fever”=rush to settle Oregon; manifest destiny! __The Election of 1844__ • Dem. Candidates: John C. Calhoun – proslavery, proannexation, southern • Martin Van Buren – against immediate annexation • James Polk – dark horse (less known); from TN; wanted to annex TX, OR, and all CA; nominated • Whig Candidate: Henry Clay – KT; first against then for annexation; alienated NY • POLK wins __Annexing Texas and Dividing Oregon__ • Current Pres=John Tyler; passed the annexation of TX before leaving • Polk negotiates with Britain for south half of OR, and give Br. Vancouver Island and navigation of Columbia River; congress passes reluctantly, not wanting two wars **II. War with Mexico** • 1845 Slidell is sent to (1) persuade Mex. to sell CA and NM (2) settle TX/Mex. border dispute; failed __Immediate Causes of the War__ • Zachary Taylor moved across ‘Mexican’ territory ->April 24, 1846 Mexican army crossed Rio Grande and killed 11 Americans-> war declared __Military Campaigns__ • General Stephan Kearney: Santa Fe, NM territories, and southern CA • General John C. Fremont: northern CA; declared CA independent Bear Flag Republic • General Zachary Taylor: northern Mexico, Buena Vista (big victory) • General Winfield Scott: central Mexico, Vera Cruz and Mexico City (Sept. 1847) __Consequences of the War__ • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848): Rio Grande becomes the south border of TX; US buys CA and NM (the Mexican Cession) • Whigs thought it was an attempt to expand slavery; Dem. thought they should have taken all Mexico; ratified anyways • Wilmot Priviso (1846): no slavery in Mexican Cession; not passed; first hint of the tension between north and south that would lead to civil war __Manifest Destiny to the South__ • Ostend Menifesto: Polk tried to buy Cuba from Spain; later Pierce (pres in 1852) sent diplomats to Belgium to try to buy Cuba again but plan was leaked to press and dropped • Walker Expedition: William Walker tried to take Baja California (1853) and Nicaragua (1855) • Claton-Bulwer Treaty: 1850; neither Britain nor US would control canals in Central America • Gadsden Purcahse: Peirce bought strip of land from Mexico for a southwest RR __Expansion After the Civil War__ • 1867: Alaska purchased by William Seward **III. Settlement of the Western Territories** __Fur Traders’ Fronteir__ • Mountain men had opened the Far West in the 1820s; trade in the Rockies __Overland Trails__ • Oregon, California, Santa Fe and Mormon trails • Very dangerous especially through the mountain passes at the end __Mining Frontier__ • California Gold Rush (1848-1850) • Gold/silver rushes also in Colorado, Nevada, and the Dakotas • 1/3 of miners were Chinese __Farming Frontier__ • Preemption Acts of 1830s-40s: right to settle public land and set low prices Middle class movement __Urban Frontier __ • Cities were results of railroads, gold rushes, and supply stops for the overland trails • San Francisco, Denver, and Salt Lake City **IV. The Expanding Economy** __Industrial Technology__ • 1840s textile mills spread outside of the Northeast and other factories developed • Elias Howe: sewing machine • Samuel F. B. Morse: electric telegraph (1844) __Railroads__ • 1840s and 50s became America’s largest industry • Promoted western agriculture; connected western farmers to north (helps Civil War!) __Foreign Commerce__ • More efficient and improved • 1854 Matthew C. Perry negotiated the opening of two Japanese ports to US • Panic of 1857; only effected north -> south economically self-sufficient

---

 

 

 

Chapter 13 Terms

Free-Soil Party- Political party organized by northerners taking the approach of free soiler; slavery should not be extended into the land of the Mexican Cession.

Conscience Whigs- whigs who opposed slavery

Barnburners- Free-Soilers who’s defection threatened to destroy the Democratic party.

Popular Sovereignty-Settlers in the territories of the Mexican Cession would vote to decide if slavery would be banned in the new territories.

Lewis Cass- Democratic nominee in the 1848 election

Henry Clay- Proposed compromise to the settling of the territories of the Mexican Cession.

Zachary Taylor- Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero.

Compromise of 1850-

     California admitted as a free state.

     Divide the remainder of the Mexican Cession into two territories and allow poplar sovereignty.

     Give New Mexico new territories in the MC, and assume Texas’ debt.

     Ban slave trade in DC but permit whites to hold slaves.

     Adopt a new Fugitive Slave Law and enforce it well

Stephen A. Douglas- engineered different coalitions to pass each part of the compromise separately.

Millard Fillmore- Signed bills into law.

Fugitive Slave Law- all states had an agreement to return runaway slaves to the owners.

Underground Railroad-"conductors and stations" which helped escape slaves reach freedom in the North or Canada.

Harriet Tubman- escaped slave. Mad at least 19 trips into southern states to free slaves via the UR.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Franklin Peirce- Democratic candidate for election of 1852

Kansas-Nebraska Act- Nebraska territory divided in two, where people had popular sovereignty over slavery.

Know-Nothing Party- Formed because of hostilities towards German and Irish immigrants.

Republican Party- Founded as a direct response to the Kansas- Nebraska Act. Northern and Western moderates who were united in their opposition to slavery.

John C. Freemount- Presidential nominee for Republicans in election of 1856.

James Buchanan-Democratic nominee for election of 1856. Won by majority of popular and electoral vote.

New England Immigrant Aid Company- Paid for transportation of antislavery people to Kansas.

Bleeding Kansas-reaction to the Nebraska-Kansas Act. Antislavery groups would come into settlements allowing slavery, and they would open fire.

Sumner-Brookes incident- Sumner verbally attacked the Democratic administration in its "crime against Kansas". Angered Brookes, who beat Sumner over the head with his cane.

Lecompton Constitution- Constitution written by Democrats of Kansas. Rejected by the Republicans in Kansas.

Dred Scott v. Sandford- Scott was a slave who was taken to Wisconson to live freely for two years. He argued that the two years he lived on free soil made him a freedmen. Sued for his freedom. SC decided that he was a slave.

Roger Taney- presided over Dred Scott decision

Abraham Lincoln- Republican candidate for election of 1860. Not an ablolitionist. Moderate, who was against expansion of slaver.

House-Divided Speech- Lincoln said that the government cannot be divided; one half proslavery, and the other half free.

Harpers Ferry raid and election of 1860- John Brown, an abolitionist, took 21 men and attemped to seize the arsenal at Harpers Ferry, to get weapons and free the slaves. Robert E. Lee’s men stopped them. Lincoln is elected president.

Crittenden Compromise- Proposal that slaves we allowed south of the 30*/36* line.

 

 

 

- Book my Harriet Beecher Stowe that showed the cruelty of slavery.

 

CHAPTER 13

THE UNION IN PERIL

1848-1861

• Four main causes between north and south: 1.) Slavery 2.) Constitutional Disputes 3.) Economic Differences 4.) Political Blunders and Extremities
• Wilmot Proviso- excluded slavery from the new territories (supported by Northern Democrats and Whigs)
• Whether to allow slavery in new territories was to be determined by a vote of those who settled the territory-not congress (Lewis Cass-senator)
• Compromise of 1850 (proposed by Henry Clay) 1.) Admit California as a free state 2.) Divide the remainder of the Mexican Cession into two territories –Utah and New Mexico and allow settlers to decide slavery issue by majority vote       3.) Give land in dispute between Texas and New Mexico to the new territories in return for the federal government assuming Texas’ public deft of 10 million 4.) ban the slave trade in the District of Columbia but permit whites to hold slaves as before 5.) Adopt a new Fugitive Slave Law and enforce it rigorously
• The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)- proposed that the Nebraska Territory be divide into the Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory and allow settlers there determine if there should be slavery-signed by President Pierce
• Political Party’s- Know-nothing party- opposition to Catholics and immigrants, who were entering northern cities in large numbers. Republican Party coalition of free soilers, anti slavery Whigs and democrats, see slavery continue so long as it was confined in the old states of the south.
• Dred Scott vs. Sanford (1857)-(Dred Scott sued for his freedom) results were 1.) Dred Scott had no right to sue in federal court 2.) congress did not have power to deprive any person of property without dues process of law
• John Browns raid at Harpers Ferry-started a slave uprising in Virginia. Attacked at Harpers Ferry but Brown and six others were captured by federal troops.
• Election of 1860- Stephen Douglas (Democrat) lost against Abraham Lincoln (Republican)
• Secession of the deep south- After Lincoln came into the presidency the South Carolina decided to secede and in the next six weeks six other states did the same and created the Confederate States of America
• Crittenden compromise- John Crittenden of Kentucky proposed a constitutional amendment that would guarantee the right to hold slaves in all territories south of 36 30. Lincoln didn’t approve the plan.

---

 

Chapter 14 Terms --- The Civil War

 

Fort Sumter – Charleston, South Carolina, held by federal troops but claimed by a seceded state.  It was a cut off from supplies by Southern control of the harbor.  Lincoln sent provisions and on April 12, 1861 the South fired on Fort Sumter beginning the Civil War. 

 

Habeas Corpus – enables a person under arrest to obtain court hearing to see if she or he were being held legally. Lincoln suspended the writ of Habeas Corpus so that Anti-Unionists could be summarily arrested.

 

Border States – Delaware, Maryland, Missouri and Kentucky remained in the Union when the other Southern States seceded. If these states seceded the Confederacy population would have increased by 50% in size and increase its supply.  Lincoln had to declare he was not fighting the war to end slavery but to save the Union so that the Border States would remain in the Union.

 

Jefferson Davis - president of the Confederate Army, tried to increase his executive power during the war

 

Anaconda Plan – the Union used the Navy blockade the Southern ports which would cut off all essential supplies from reaching the South. 

 

Monitor and Merrimack- to fight the blockade by the Union the Confederates reconstructed the Merrimack and destroyed Union ships in the Chesapeake Bay.  The Union sent in the Monitor to fight back neither side could claim a victory.

Alabama – Confederate commerce raiders used the Alabama to capture more than 60 Union ships. It was eventually sunk and Great Britain agreed to pay the U.S. $15.5 million for damages.

 

Emancipation Proclamation – January 1, 1863 Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation that stated all slaves in rebelling states would be free.

Gettysburg – General Lee lead the Confederate troops into Pennsylvania. He surprised the units in Gettysburg and the battle was the most crucial and bloodiest of the war.  General George Pickett led a charge that broke the Confederate attack. The victory at Gettysburg belonged to Lincoln and the Union.

Vicksburg - Union General Grant began a siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi.  The Union attacked for weeks until the Confederates gave the city up.  The Union gained control of the length of the Mississippi River.

Sherman’s March – General Sherman lead a force from Chattanooga, Tennessee to South Carolina destroying everything the Confederates could use to survive. He set fire to South Carolina’s capital, Columbia.

 

John Wilkes Booth – a southern sympathizer, who shot and killed President Lincoln

 

Copperheads – opposed the war and wanted to negotiate peace

 

Ex Parte Miligan – the Supreme Court ruled the government acted improperly in Indiana where civilians were subject to a military trial. The court ruled procedures could only be used when regular civilian courts were unavailable.

 

Greenbacks – the U.S. treasury issued over $430 million dollars in paper currency

 

Morrill Tariff Act – raised tariff rates to increase revenue and protect American manufactures

 

Homestead Act – promoted the settlement of the Great Plains offering free land to whoever could farm the land for at least five years

Morrill Land Grant Act – encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges  

 

Ch 14 : The Civil War, 1861-1865

I) The War Begins

A) Fort Sumter

• Held by federal troops, but located in the seceded South Carolina
• Southern capture of this fort spurred Lincoln to prepare for war, by gathering troops and funds and suspending the writ of Habeas Corpus, which in turn spurred the secession of the upper South (Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas).
   

B) Keeping the Border States in the Union

• Secession of border states would double the population of the Confederacy and cut off Washington D.C. from the Union.
• This kept Lincoln from pushing for Emancipation early in the war

 

C) Wartime Advantages

• Military - Initially held by the South, due to Civil War being a war of Southern defense, but later held by North, due to emancipation and immigration
• Economic - Northern advantage. The North had 85% of US factories, 70% of US railroads, and 65% of US farmlands
• Political - Northern advantage. The South lacked a strong central government due to its traditional states-rights ideology.

 

D) The Confederate States of America

• The CSA constitution mimicked that of the US, except the president had a 6 year term, and Congress was denied the ability to create tariffs.
• President Jefferson Davis and Vice President Alexander Stephens tried to increase executive power during the war, but were prevented by state governors

 

II) First Years of a Long War

A) First Battle of Bull Run

• Southern victory ended Northern illusion of a short Civil War

 

B) Union strategy

• Blockade Southern ports, cutting off supplies (the Anaconda Plan)
• Take the Mississippi, dividing the Confederacy in half
• Raise and train a 500,000 man army to take Richmond

 

C) Peninsula Campaign

• McClellan's invasion of Virginia failed, prompting Lincoln to replace McClellan with John Pope

 

D) Second Battle of Bull Run

• Lee attacked Pope as Pope was in the process of replacing McClellan. Pope replaced.

 

E) Antietam

• Southern failure to procure victory in the North meant no foreign support for the Confederacy

 

F) Monitor vs Merrimac

• A duel between the Confederate ironclad warship, the Merrimac, and the Union's response, the Monitor, ended in something of a tie. Since the Merrimac could not defeat the Monitor, it could not be used by the South to break through the blockade.
   

G) Grant in the West

• Ulysses S. Grant succeeded in his drive down the Mississippi and captured New Orleans

 

III) Foreign Affairs and Diplomacy

A) Trent Affair

• Confederate diplomats en route to the UK to seek foreign intervention were stopped by a Union warship and were taken prisoner. The resulting outrage resulted in their release, but they were still unable to procure aid from Britain

 

B) Confederate Raiders

• British-built commerce raiders, such as the Alabama, are able to inflict serious damage of Union merchant ships.

 

C) Failure of Cotton Diplomacy

• The South expected to get foreign aid from countries (such as Britain) who depended on their cotton; however, due to a number of factors, this was not so:
  • Cotton could be obtained from other sources, like India and Egypt
  • Lee's setback at Antietam meant the image of the Confederacy as not being a worthwhile investment
  • Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation
  • Union-grown wheat

 

IV) The End of Slavery

A) Lincoln's Actions

• Lincoln was careful about the issue of slavery due to
  • The border states and their involvement with slavery
  • The apparent protection of slavery in the Constitution
  • Northern prejudices
  • Fears that his actions might be overturned after the next election

 

B) Confiscation Acts

• Southern slaves, being "contraband of war," were taken from their owners under the Confiscation Acts

 

C) Emancipation Proclamation

• Lincoln frees all slaves in the states at war with the Union, leaving the border states alone so they will not be tempted to secede (see section I-B above).

 

D) 13th Amendment

• Outlaws slavery in the United States.

 

V) The Union Triumphs, 1863-1865

A) Turning point

• During the first week of July 1863, the South suffered two major defeats:
  • West: Vicksburg - Union warships gain complete control of Mississippi, cutting off Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas from the rest of the Confederacy
  • East: Gettysburg - Lee's attack on Northern soil fails; his army is crippled and is forced to retreat

 

B) Grant in Command

• Grant's Strategy : Wear the South down, until his attacks and their lack of resources leads them to surrender
• Sherman's March : Deliberate destruction of Southern cities in order to destroy Southern morale and economy
• Election of 1864 : Lincoln is re-elected over McClellan

 

C) End of the War

• Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse
• John Wilkes Booth assassinates Lincoln during a play at Ford's Theater

 

VI) Effects of the War on Civilian Life

A) Political Change

• Republicans split between radicals and moderates
• Democrats mostly for war, except the Peace Democrats or 'Copperheads.'
• Civil liberties, such as Habeas Corpus, suspended as a wartime measure
• Conscription (the draft) enacted for the first time in United States History
• Republicans dominate politics in the North

 

B) Economic Change

• War funded by raised tariffs and government bonds
• Introduction of 'greenbacks,' which lead to a great deal of inflation
• War profiteers gain millions of dollars, money that would eventually help fund US industrialization
• Republicans, mostly unchallenged in Congress, make several changes, including
  • A national bank
  • The Homestead Act (free land to those who can farm it)
  • Pacific Railway Act (authorization of the construction of a transcontinental railroad)

 

C) Social Change

• Women at work - the absence of men (serving as soldiers) lead to new job opportunities for women
• The increase of the importance of women in the business world lead to the beginnings of a movement to gain equal voting rights for women.
• 4.5 million slaves we freed as a result of Northern victory.

 

 

---

 

Amsco Chapter 15 Chapter Review Terms

Presidential Reconstruction – The efforts of Lincoln and Johnson to heal some of the damage caused by the Civil War in the South.

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863) – Provided full presidential pardons for all southerners who took an oath of allegiance to the Union and accepted the emancipation of the slaves. Also, if 10% of the voters in a state took the loyalty vote, its state government could be legitimately reestablished by the president.

Wade-Davis Bill – Proposed more demanding terms for Reconstruction than the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction Act. Required 50% of the populace to pledge a loyalty oath, and only non-Confederates could write up their new state constitutions.

Andrew Johnson – The only southern senator who stood with the Union during the Civil War, he became the Vice President with Lincoln. After the assassination, he showed his colors as a white supremacist and began his crusade against the Reconstruction efforts of the Republicans in Congress.

Freedmen’s Bureau – Provided food, shelter, and medical aid for the homeless after the war. They not only aided freed slaves, but also homeless whites. Johnson disrupted the bureau’s plans when he gave the confiscated land of the plantation owners back through his pardons. The Bureau was successful, however, in education. They established nearly 3,000 schools for freed slaves.

Black Codes – State governments in the south issued the black codes, which prohibited blacks from renting land or borrowing money to buy land, placed freedmen into “vagrancy” contracts, forcing them to do free labor, and prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in court.

Congressional Reconstruction – Presidential Reconstruction was apparently not good enough; Johnson was able to help the south to fall back into the pre-Civil War policies concerning treatment of African Americans. Congress did not approve of Johnson’s methods, and adopted a plan that was harsher toward southern whites and more protective of southern blacks.

Radical Republicans – Championed rights for blacks. The fear that the reunified Democrat party might again become dominant drove many moderate Republicans radical.

Charles Sumner – The leading Radical Republican in the Senate.

Thaddeus Stephens – The Pennsylvanian senator who hoped to revolutionize southern society through an extended period of military rule in which blacks would receive rights, an education, and land.

Benjamin Wade – The Radical Republican senator from Ohio who championed women’s suffrage, rights for labor unions, and civil rights for northern blacks.

Civil Rights Act of 1866 – Pronounced all African Americans to be US citizens. It was an attempt at a shield for southern blacks against the Black Codes.

Fourteenth Amendment – Declared that all people born or naturalized in the US were citizens, and obligated the states to respect the rights of US citizens and provide them with “equal protection of the law” and “due process for law”.

Equal Protection of the Laws/ Due Process of Law – The clause & keystone of civil rights for minorities, women, children, the disabled, & those accused of crimes.

Reconstructions Acts (1867) – Overrode Johnson’s vetoes, taking the first step of military occupation in the south. Divided the former Confederate states into five military districts, ruled by the Union army. Also, these stated that for an ex-Confederate state to win readmission into the Union, it had to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and place guarantees on the right to vote for all adult males, regardless of race.

Tenure of Office Act (1867) – Prohibited the president from dismissing a federal officer or military commander without the approval of the Senate.

Edwin Stanton – The Radical Republican Secretary of War in Johnson’s cabinet in charge of the forces involved in southern occupation.

Impeachment - The dismissal of Edwin Stanton was in violation of the Tenure of Office Act and resulted in Johnson’s impeachment. The Tenure of Office Act was probably unconstitutional itself, but the entire issue was probably fabricated to remove Johnson from office.

Fifteenth Amendment – Prohibited any state from denying or abridging a citizen’s right to vote “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”

Civil Rights Act of 1875 – Guaranteed equal accommodations in public places (hotels, railroads, and theaters) and prohibited courts from excluding African Americans from juries.

Scalawags – Southern republicans, former Whigs who were interested in economic development for their state & peace between sections.

Carpetbaggers – Northerners who went south; some were investors interested in setting up new businesses, while others were missionaries and teachers who had humanitarian goals. Some probably went down south to plunder as well.

Blanche K. Bruce – A black senator sent by Republicans in the South.

Hiram Revels – Another black senator sent by southern Republicans. He replaced Jefferson Davis as the senator from Mississippi.

Sharecropping – A landlord provides the seed and other needed farm supplies in return for a share (usually half) of the harvest. Often left sharecroppers deeply in debt to the landlord and local merchants. It is a new kind of servitude.

Spoilsmen – The politicians who were passionate about the issue of social inequality and who pressed for change were mostly replaced in the early 1870s to political manipulators. These men would give jobs and government favors to their supporters (spoils).

Patronage – Fancy name for the political favors done by spoilsmen for their supporters.

Jay Gould – A Wall Street financier who obtained the help of President Grant’s brother-in-law in a scheme to corner the gold market. He made a huge profit before the Treasury was able to break the scheme.

Crédit Mobilier – Insiders gave stock to influential members of Congress to avoid investigation of the profits they were making (as high as 348%). Grant did not personally take in this affair or others like it, but his reputation was tarnished through his fraternization with these men.

William (Boss) Tweed; Tweed Ring – Boss of the local Democratic party of New York City. He masterminded dozens of schemes for helping himself and his “Tweed Ring” to large chunks of graft. They stole nearly $200 million before they were exposed by The New York Times.

Thomas Nast – The New York Times cartoonist who exposed Boss Tweed’s corruption and brought about his arrest and imprisonment in 1871.

Liberal Republicans – Disgusted with the scandals of the Grant administration, they broke from their party and advocated civil service reform, an end to railroad subsidies, withdrawal of troops from the South, reduced tariffs, and free trade.

Horace Greeley – Editor of the New York Tribune and Presidential candidate nominated by both the liberal Republicans and the Democrats in the 1872 election. He was beat by the regular Republicans and Grant in a landslide loss. He died weeks after the election.

Panic of 1873 – An economic crisis that began at the beginning of Grant’s second term. Overspeculation by financiers and overbuilding by industry and railroads led to widespread business failures and depression. Grant had to veto a bill requesting the release of additional greenback money that was not backed by gold, something that would only increase inflation and make matters worse.

Greenbacks – Like dollar bills, a piece of printed-paper with a monetary value redeemable with gold. The Panic of 1873 led a request for more greenbacks to be printed.

Redeemers – Southern conservatives who took control of southern politics after the interest in Reconstruction waned. They believed in states’ rights, reduced taxes, reduced spending on social programs, and white supremacy.

Ku Klux Klan – The most prominent of the southern secret societies to intimidate blacks. Founded in 1867 by ex-Confederate general Nathaniel Bedford Forrest. They burned black-owned buildings and flogged and murdered freedmen to keep them from exercising their voting rights.

Force Acts (1870, 1871) – Gave power to federal authorities to stop KKK violence and to protect the civil rights of citizens in the South.

Amnesty Act of 1872 – Removed the last restrictions on the rights of the ex-Confederates, except for the Confederacy’s top leaders. This allowed southern democrats to vote democrat again and regain control of state governments.

Rutherford B. Hayes – The governor of Ohio, untouched by the corruption of the Grant administration.

Samuel J. Tilden – New York’s reform governor who fought the corruption of the Tweed Ring. He won the popular election but needed one electoral vote, because of the contested returns of Couth Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana (each of which was still occupied by Northern troops). The electoral college voted in Hayes, in a 8-7 decision. The outraged democrats threatened to filibuster and force the issue into the hands of the Democrat-controlled House.

Compromise of 1877 – Hayes would become president on the condition that he would immediately end federal support for the Republicans in the South, and also support the building of a southern transcontinental railroad. He fulfilled his part of the compromise, and also withdrew the remaining troops in the South, effectively bringing Reconstruction to an end.

 

GOOD LUCK ON THE MIDTERM!

 

 I. Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction

    A. Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

       1. if Southerners took an oath to the Union and accepted the emancipation of slaves they would be pardoned

       2. as soon as 10% of voters in a state took the loyalty oath the state gov't would be reestablished

II. Objections to Lincoln's Plan

   A.Wade-Davis Bill

      1. passed by republicans in Congress

      2. required 50% of voters to take the loyalty oath and only non-Confederates could vote for a new state constituion

      3. Lincoln vetoed this bill

   B. Freedmen's Bureau

      1. wellfare agency created by Congress to help newly freed African Americans and homeless whites

      2. Its greatest success was building schools that educated African Americans

III. Johnson's plan

   1. similar to Lincoln's 10% plan

   2. disfranchised all former leaders of the Confederates and Confederates with more than $20,000

   3. republicans were mad at Johnson

   4. Southern stae legislatures adopted Black Codes which restricted the rights and movement of African Americans and estbalished a labor contracting system that was pretty much slavery

   5. Johnson vetoed 2 bills

        -a bill increasing services offered by the Freedman's Bureau

        -a bill nulifying Black Codes

   6. Johnson campained against republicans running for Congress but they still won a majority

IV. Congressional Reconstruction

   1. republicans became more radical in an effort to remain dominant

   2. congress overrode Johnson's vetoes of Freedman's Bureau Act and the First Civil Rights Act

   3. Congress passed the 14th Ammendment- all people born or naturalized in the US have rights that must be protected

   4. and the 15th Ammendment-all citizens can vote

   5. Congress rejected the presidential plan for reconstruction in a report made by a joint commitee of the Senate

   5. Congress passed the Reconstruction Acts of 1867 which put the South under military occupation

   6.Congress passed the Tenure of office Act to portect Republicans in the cabinet

        -Andrew Johnson was impeached for violating this Act but remained in office

V. Freedmen

   1. became sharecroppers or tenents

   2. migrated to frontier states

VI. Grant's Administration

   A. Corruption

      1. spoils system- giving federal jobs to supporters

      2. Credit Mobilier-fake RR

     3. Tweed Ring stole $200 million from NY taxpayers

   B. other actions by grant

     1. fought and crushed Southern resistance like the KKK

     2. He conquered all the Western Territory

   C. Panic of 1873 was caused by overspeculation

VII. End of Reconstruction

    1. Redeemers in the South began to revive the old idea of white supremacy

    2. Congress passed the Amnesty Act of 1872 that removed the last restrictions on the Confederates

    3. election of 1876 Tilden(D) vs. Hayes(R)

        -Hayes won in an electoral commission vote of 8-7

        -Democrats were mad

   4. Compromise of 1877

       -Hayes could be the president if he removed all troops from the South so he did this

Military occupation of the South ended and the Supreme Courth struck down recosntrustion laws ending reconstruction

---

 

 

CH. 16: The Last West And The New South, 1865-1900

 

1.Great American Desert: The lands between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Coast.

2.Mining Frontier: The discovery of gold and silver in the States California, Colorado, Montana, Nevada, South Dakota, Arizona, and Idaho which caused increased immigration and the establishment of mining cities and towns.

3.Comstock Lode: Was the first major U.S deposit of silver ore that rested underneath Virginia City, Nevada.

4.Chinese Exclusion Act (1882): prohibited further immigration to the United States by the Chinese laborers.

5.Vaqueros: Mexican Cowboys.

6.Barbed Wire: Invented by Joseph Glidden in 1847 to help farmers to fence in their lands on the lumber scarce plains.

7.Farming Frontier: Farming on the Great Plains.

8.Great Plains: Lands able to be farmed by people accepting the Home Stead Act.

9.Oklahoma Territory: Was Indian territory until 1889.

10.Frederick Jackson Turner, Frontier Thesis: A view point by Turner saying that the frontier played a significant role in American society by being a social leveler and producing individualism and independence.

11.Reservations: Large tracts of lands.

12.Indian Wars: A war between Indians and miners and cattlemen and homesteaders for the fight of territory.

13.Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse: Led the second Sioux War by leading the Indians.

14.Colonel George Custer: Was defeated at Little Big Horn by the Sioux, Custer and neither of his men survived.1876.

15.Chief Joseph: Led a band of the Nez Perce into Canada and ended in defeat and surrender in 1877.

16.Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor: A best selling book about the injustices done to the Native Americans in chronological order.1881.

17.Assimilationists: Humanitarians emphasized formal education and training and conversion to Christianity to help the Native Americans.

18.Dawes Severalty Act(1887): Divided the tribal lands into plots of 160 acres or less, depending on the family size.  U.S citizenship was granted to those who stayed on the land 25 years and “ adopted the habits of civilized life”.

19.Ghost Dance Movement: The last effort of Native Americans to resist U.S domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands came through a religious movement known as the Ghost Dance Movement.  In the government’s campaign to suppress the movement, the Famous Sioux medicine man Sitting Bull was killed during his arrest.

20. Wounded Knee: In December 1890 over 200 Native Americans men, women, and children were gunned down by the US Army in the “battle” or massacre of Wounded Knee in the Dakotas.  This Finals tragedy marked the end of the Indian Wars on the crimsoned prairie.

21.Indian Reorganization Act (1934): Promoted the reestablishment of tribal organization and culture.

22.New South: A new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on the modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation.  Led by Henry Grady who spread the gospel on the New South with editorials that argued for economic diversity and laissez-faire capitalism.

23.Crop Lien System: A shortage of credit forced farmers to borrow supplies from local merchants in the spring with a lien, or mortgage, on their crops to be paid at harvest.

24.George Washington Carver: An African American scientist at Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, promoted the growing of such crops as peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans.

25.Farmers Southern Alliance: Organizations that rallied behind political reforms to solve the farmers’ economic problems.  The Farmers Southern Alliance claimed more then 1 million members while the Colored Farmers Southern Alliance claimed about 250,000 members.

26.Segregation Laws: Laws segregating Blacks from Whites, separate public facilities for Blacks and Whites as a means of treating African Americans as social Inferiors.

27.Civil Rights Cases of 1883: The Court ruled that Congress could not legislate against the racial discrimination practiced by private citizens, which included railroads, hotels, and other businesses used by the public.

28.Plessy vs. Ferguson: In 1896, the Supreme Court upheld a Louisiana law requiring “separate but equal accommodations” for white and black passengers on railroads.

29.Jim Crow Laws: Laws adopted by states that required segregated washrooms, drinking fountains, park benches, and other facilities in virtually all public places.

30.Grandfather Clause, Poll tax, Literacy Test: Allowed a man to vote only if his grandfather had cast ballots in elections before the Reconstruction.  The Supreme Court again gave its sanction to such laws in a case of 1898, in which it upheld a state’s right to use literacy test to determine citizen’s qualifications for voting.

31.Herny Turner: was a Bishop who formed the International Migration Society in 1894 to help American blacks emigrate to Africa.

32.Ida B. Wells, Memphis Free Speech: Ida B. Wells was the editor of Free Speech, a black newspaper, she devoted her efforts to campaigning against lynching and the Jim Crow laws.  Death threats and the destruction of her printing press forced Wells to carry on her work in the North.

33.Booker T. Washington: A former slave who had graduated from Hampton Institute.  In 1881, Washington established an industrial and agricultural school at Tuskegee, Alabama, which he built into the largest and best know industrial school in the nation.  His mission was to teach southern African Americans skilled trades, the virtues of hard work, moderation, and economic self-help.

34.National Negro Business League: In 1900, Book T. Washington organized the National Negro Business League, which established 320 chapters across the country to support businesses owned and operated by African Americans.

35.Commercial Farming: Northern and Western farmers of the late 19^th century concentrated on raising single cash crops , such as corn or wheat, for both national and international markets.

36.Crop-price Deflation: Increased American production as well as global competition from farms in Argentina, Russia, and Canada drove prices down for wheat, cotton, and other crops.  As prices fell, farmers with mortgages faced both high interest rates and the need to grow two or three times as much to pay off old debts.

37.National Grange Movement: Organized in 1868 by Oliver H. Kelly primarily as a social and educational organization in for farmers and their families, organized economic ventures and took political action to defend members against the middlemen, trusts, and railroads.

38.Cooperatives: Businesses owned and run by the farmers to save costs charged by middlemen.

39.Granger Laws: In the Midwestern states of Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, the Grangers, with help from local businesses, successfully lobbied their state legislatures to pass laws regulating the rates charged by railroads and elevators.  Other Granger laws made it illegal for railroads to fix prices by means of pools and to give rebates to privileged customers.

40.Munn vs. Illinois: (1877), The Supreme Court upheld the right of a state to regulate businesses of a public nature, such as railroads.

41.Wabash vs. Illinois: The Supreme Court in 1886 that individual states could not regulate interstate commerce.  The court’s decision nullified many of the state regulations achieved by the Grangers.

42.Interstate Commerce Act (1886): Required railroad rates to be “reasonable and just”.  It also set up the first federal regulatory agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission, which had the power to investigate and prosecute pools, rebates, and other discriminatory practices.

43.Farmers’ Alliances: 1 Million farmers joined farmers’ alliances for much the same reason why people joined the Granger movement, needs for education in the latest scientific methods as well as for organized economic and political action.

45.National Alliance: In 1890 a organized group of farmers, supported direct election of U.S senators, lower tariffs, a graduated income tax, and a new banking system regulated by the federal government.

46. Ocala Platform: A platform in Ocala, Florida created by Delegates at Ocala.

 

 

Chapter 16 – The Last West and the New South

Ø      Both the South & the West would undergo profound changes following the Civil War as they battled with the withdrawal of troops and the flood of settlers.

             I.      The West: Settlement of the Last Frontier

·         Following the Civil War, Americans rushed West to settle the once uncharted Frontier.  Buffalo, land, and gold and silver enticed thousands of settlers.

·         What was once known as “The Great American Desert” was being taken over by homesteaders, miners, cattlemen, and cowboys.

A.     The Mining Frontier

1.       Discovery of gold in California in 1848 caused a huge flood of settlers that would continue through CO, NV, NM, and OK.

2.      Primitive methods of using pans and shovels gave way to deep-shaft mining

3.      Several towns were created overnight e.g. San Francisco, Sacramento, & Denver.  Many became ghost towns after a short period of time.

4.      Half the mining population were generally foreigners & hostilities developed – Miner’s Tax & eventually the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

5.      The increase of gold & silver caused value issues and created a currency crisis

6.      Disastrous to the environments as well as Native Americans who lost their land

B.     The Cattle Frontier

1.       Cattlemen and ranchers noticed vast open grasslands from Texas to Canada 

2.      Originally run by Mexican cowboys but the areas were cut off during the Civil War leaving free cattle and grass to be taken

3.      The construction of RR’s boosted the trade & millions flooded out West

4.      Ended when the blizzards & droughts of 1885-6 killed 90% of the cattle

5.      Changed America’s diet from pork to beef & created the cowboy

C.     The Farming Frontier

o        Homestead Act of 1862 – encouraged 500,000 Americans to move out West as it offered 160 acres of land to anyone who could maintain it.

a.      Problems and Solutions

i.        Extreme weather, plagues, grasshoppers, lonesome, scare water & no fences – eventually switched to “dry farming”

ii.      Joseph Glidden – barbed wire (1874)

iii.    Drilling deep wells –helpful but it could not save the homesteaders

b.      Turner’s Frontier Thesis

i.        OK Territory – open for settlement in 1889

ii.      Last great land rush – west had finally been settled

iii.    The Significance of the Frontier in American History – Frederick Jackson Turner – troubled by settlement of West

iv.    Large migration to industrialized cities – farming decline

D.     The Removal of Native Americans

o        2/3 Native American tribes were in the Great Plains, many were skilled    horsemen & buffalo hunters but whites did not understand their culture

a.      Reservation Policy

i.        Under Andrew Jackson – land West of the Mississippi River was “Indian Country”

ii.      1851 – Councils at Forts Laramie & Atkinson assigned tribes tracts of land/reservations & most refused them.

b.       Indian Wars

i.        Gold miners fought with Native Americans for land

ii.      CO 1864 – Indian Sand Creek Massacre

iii.    1866 – Sioux wiped out Captain William Fetterman

iv.    1870s – Red River War; Sitting Bull & Crazy Horse

v.      1876-7 – Little Big Horn: Natives surrender

vi.    Eventually doomed because of buffalo wipe out – treaties were made

c.      Assimilationists – emphasized formal education, training, & conversion to Christianity – teach white culture & farming

i.        A Century of Dishonor 1881 – Helen Hunt Jackson chronicled the injustices done to Native Americans

ii.      Founded many boarding schools

d.       Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

i.        Divided tribal lands into plots of 160 acres & granted citizenship to those who stayed there for 25 years

ii.      Fertile reservation land was sold to whites & the Native Americans starved to death only about 200,000 left – complete failure

e.        Ghost Dance Movement

i.        Last Native American effort to drive out whites – December 1890, 200+ N.A. were gunned down ending the Indian Wars

f.      Aftermath: U.S. Policy in the 20^th Century

i.        U.S. citizenship was granted to all N.A. in 1924 as reparation

ii.      Indian Reorganization Act (1934) – promoted reestablishment of tribes

       

             I.      The New South

·         The South was recovering from the Civil War & was envisioning a future of a self-sufficient capitalist economy

·         Local gov’ts helped by offering tax exemptions & cheap labor for manufacturers

A.     Economic Progress

1.       Big cities soon became industrial centers: Birmingham, AL – steel, Memphis, TN – lumber, Richmond, VA – tobacco

2.      Southern states took over the textile industry

3.      RRs gave a huge boost to the Southern economy & the South eventually surpassed other regions in population, industry, & RRs.

B.     Continued Poverty

1.       Most of the South was still into agriculture – especially sharecropping

2.      Even with the huge boom, the South was still the poorest region as most of the profits went to Northern banks & financiers

3.      But the North was not the sole reason for Southern Poverty other factors played in: 1.) A late start in industrialization, 2.) A poorly educated work-force, and 3.) A lack of technology& engineering

C.     Agriculture

1.       Cotton was still the main crop & a flood of it into the market caused prices to decline by more than 50%

2.      Many farmers were tied to debts with sharecropping and borrowing supplies

3.      Farmers’ South Alliance, both the black and white ones, fought for political reforms

D.     Segregation

·         The North left the South to work out their own social issues

·         Two groups: 1.) Businesses & 2.) The white supremacists who favored segregation and discrimination

a.      Discrimination and the Supreme Court

i.      During the Civil Rights Cases of 1883, the Court ruled that Congress could not legislate against discrimination

ii.    Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 – argued for “separate but equal accommodations” for blacks and whites on RRs – passed

iii.   Jim Crow Laws – passed requiring segregation for all public buses, restrooms, benches, etc.

b.      Loss of Civil Rights

i.      Blacks were stopped from voting – poll taxes, literacy tests, political party primaries, & grandfather clauses

ii.    Blacks were banned from being judges, obtaining fair trials, and getting jobs as killed workers/laborers.  Over 1,400 were lynched in the 1890s

c.       Responding to Segregation

i.        Blacks were left helpless in the South

ii.      International Migration Society (1894) – Bishop Henry Turner.  Helped blacks emigrate to Africa

iii.    Ida B. Wells editor of Free Speech, campaigned against lynching & the Jim Crow Laws

iv.    Booker T. Washington – taught skilled trades & offered ways to make a living in the South.  Created the Nation Negro Business League which supported African American run businesses

v.      W.E.B Du Bois – demanded an end to segregation & equal rights for all

         II.      Farm Problems: North, South, and West

·         Farmers were becoming a minority in the booming United States – they had declined from 60% of the working class to only 37%

A.     Changes in Agriculture

o        Farming became more and more commercialized & specialized, focusing more on cash crops of corn & wheat

o        The use of manufactured goods from Montgomery Ward, Sears, & Roebuck also became more popular and farms were nowbeing run like factories & those who could not afford the new machinery were usually driven out of business

a.      Falling Prices

i.        Wheat prices fell because of foreign competition

ii.      The U.S. money supply cause a deflation which caused already in debt farmers to go bankrupt

b.       Rising Costs

i.        Farmers felt victimized by monopolies, middlemen, RRs & land/property taxes as they continued to raise the cost of living for farmers

B.     Fighting Back

a.      National Grange Movement

i.        The National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry (1868 by Oliver H. Kelley) was originally a social and educational organization but later took action against the middlemen, trusts, and RRs.

ii.      Established cooperatives ­– businesses owned & run by farmers

iii.    They fought to ban rebates & pools which made transportation more expensive for farmers & lobbied state legislatures to regulate RR rates

b.      Interstate Commerce Act (1886)

i.        The Supreme Court ruled that states regulating rates was not allowed & companies upped the rates of interstate travels

ii.      The Interstate Commerce Act required RRs to be reasonable & just with rates, it eventually benefited the RR companies even more

c.       Farmers’ Alliances

i.        By 1890, about 1 million farmers had joined the Farmers’ Alliance & began to organize for economic & political reform – giving them serious potential for becoming a party

d.      Ocala Platform

i.        The National Alliance met in Ocala, FL to create a platform attacking major parties & supporting: 1.) Direct election of U.S. Senators, 2.) Lower tariffs, 3.) a graduated income tax, 4.) A new banking system to be regulated by the fed. gov’t, 5.) Silver be used to increase the amount of money to create inflation, 6.) Federal storage for crops, and 7.) Federal loans.

ii.      No platform would be formed but the ideas would later influence the Populist Party.

 

 

---

Chapter 17

 

Business and Railroads

A. Railroads were the nations first big business

B. Allowed coal and steel industries to mass produce and flourish

C. Modern stockholder corporations and development of complex financial structure

   I. Eastern Trunk Lines

     a. in the beginning rail lines were spread far apart

     b. consolidated trunk lines; New York Railroad

     c.  other rail lines

   II. Western Railroads

     a. railroads coincided with the settling of the vast frontier

       i. hastened migration of people to the west

       ii. western market opened up to the east

     b. federal land grants

       i. governement gave square plots of land for Railroad to sell and finace construction. Gov. was glad becasue the      

          railroad would increase the value of the land

       ii. land grants and cash loans- promoted hasty and poor construction; led to governenment corruption

     c. transcontinental railroads- 2 companies, Union Pacific and Central Pacific, connected Califronia to the rest of the country

   III. Competition and Consolidation

     a. RR, railroads, were overbuilt; competing companies formed pools- agreed to share traffic

     b.  financial panic in 1893, minimized RR companies; 7 RR companies controlled all of U.S. RR industry

Industrial Empires

   I. The Steel Industry

     a. discovery of a new process to make steel launched many new industries

     b. big steel producers in the great lakes region

     c. Andrew Carnege led the steel buisness- vertical integration: one company owned all parts of the steel process

     d. U.S. steel corporation- Carnege sold his company to JP Morgan who made it U.S. Steel, the first billion dollar company

   II. The Oil Industry

     a. John D. Rockefeller owned first big oil company

     b. Rockerfeller and the Standard Oil Trust- applied latest technologies and practices; used rebates to transport cheaply; controlled 90% of

         business

   III. The Anti-Trust Movement

     a. middle class feared trusts, unchecked powers, and old elites; resented the increasing influence of the new rich- Sherman Anti-Trust Act:

         federal law against monopolies

Laissez-Faire Capitalism

   I. Conservative Economic Theories

     a. proposed businesses shuld be regulated by "invisible hand"

     b. Social Darwinism: thought that it was unfit for money to go to the poor

     c. Gospel of Wealth: many believed in Protestant work ethic, such as Rockefeller

Technology and Innovations

   I. Inventions

     a. telegraph, cables and RR were parts of modern lining

     b. typewriter, cash register

   II. Edison and Westinghouse

     a. Edison invented machine for counting votes; thousands of other inventions

     b. Westinghouse made many other inventions

   III. Marketing Consumer Goods

     a. department stores

     b. used improved rail system

     c. refridgerated railroad cars made it possible to preserve food

 

 

 

 

 

 

---

Melting pot- This term became associated with immigration in a popular play, Israel Zangwill’s The Melting Pot (1908) It referred to how the American experience “melted” European immigrants “into a new race of men .”

1. Immigration
   1. Statistics

2. “Old” vs. “New”

3. Resistance

2. Urbanization& Reform
   1. Makeup of cities hugely changed by immigrants’ ethnic neighborhoods

2. Residential suburbs now common, thanks to cheap land&easy transportation
3. Political Changes: Machines started as social clubs; became power centers to coordinate business and immigrants’ needs(ex: Tammany Hall)
4. Women’s suffrage active; also social reform(critical books) & Social Gospel
2. Cultural Advances
   1. Education

2. Literature& Arts

4. Amusements
   1. Included theater shows, circuses, and spectator sports (both pro& amateur)
   2. Made possible by:

---

 

 

 Chapter Nineteen: National Politics in the Gilded Age

     Politics:

            Era of "forgettable" presidents

           Causes of stalemate= 1. prevailing politcal ideology of the time 

                                               2. campaign tactics of the two parties

                                               3.  party patronage

            * belief in limited government

                         laissez-faire and social Darwinism

            * campagin stragegy: lively, bands and parades

                                              Republicans waved the "bloody shirt" to remind voters of Civil War tragedy and southern democratic envolvement

                       --Rep= Anglo-Saxon men in business or middle class; for high protective tariffs

             Patronage:  Stalwarts, Sen. Conkling (who appointed have lucrative jobs in NY Customs House) ag. the Halfbreeds, James Blaine (got patronage jobs) and Mugwumps were were not invovled in the patronage game

           ~Theadminstrations of presidents Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur reflected the political stalemate and patronage problems of the Gilded Age

            Election of 1884

                    rep. nominated Blaine

                    dem. nominated Grover Cleveland--winner

                                 -frugal, limited government

                                 - Interstate Commerce Act of 1887--regulate business

                                 - Dawes Act -benefit Native Americans

                             - Pendleton Act of 1881, Civil Service Commision

                         -Money issue- whether or not to expand money supply

                                   farmers, debtors--expand money = low interest rates, pay off loans with inflated dollars

                                   businesses, bankers--hard gold backed currency

                              *Greenback PArty- support paper money

                               * demands for silver money (Congress had stopeed coining silver) debtors and farmers wanted it to help against strength of gold coin

                  Harrison and Billion Dollar Congress

                     election of 1888, Harrison beat Cleveland by electoral college

                     Ben Harrison--high tariffs

                              - McKinely Tariff of 1890, highest peacetime tariff

                             - increases in monthly pensions

                              -Sherman Antitrust Act

                              - Sherman Silver Purchase Act - inc. silver coinage, too small to make much difference

                              - bill to protect voting rights of African Americas--passed in House, defeated in Senate

                         Rise of Populists

                             1. unlimited silver coinage

                              2. graduated income tax

                               3. public ownership of RR

                             4. telegraph and telephone gov't owned

                              5. loans and federal warehouses for farmers

                               6. 8 hr work day

                  election of 1892: Pop. nom. James Weaver, but Cleveland won

              Panic of 1893- stock market crash

                Gold reserve and tariff-- gold dwindling

          Coxey's Army- jobless march on DC

                  election of 1896

                       Bryan, Democrats, Populists

                      Bryan was for the people and thought he'd win, but neglected the middle class and Mckinely for high tariffs and businesses was elected

               though he was in office for economy revival and gold in Alaska. led US in war ag. Spain in 1898, made US world power

---

Page automatically generated by Dave's Djoapus Review Generator | 16 January 2008